Table 1.
List of studies from the last 10 years investigating the effect of ART-type drugs related to apoptosis in cancer cells with information on the model systems used, the ART-type drugs tested and the major findings of the study.
| Cell Lines; Cancer | Drugs | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| HOS, MG-63, U-2 OS, Saos-2; Osteosarcoma | DHA | Cell viability↓; Cell apoptosis↑; G2/M phase arrest↑; Cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9↑; BAX↑; Bcl-2↓; FAS↑; Cyclin D1, B1↓; Cdc25B↓; NF-kB activity↓ | 2011 [52] |
| MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-231; Breast cancer | ATS | Cell death↑; ROS↑; DFO reduces ROS production and cell death; LC3 puncta↑; LC3-II↑; Cell death rescued by CQ and BafA1 | 2011 [61] |
| G-361, A375, LOX; Melanoma | DHA | Cell apoptosis↑; ROS↑; Cell viability↓; DFO reduces ROS production and cell death; Transmembrane potential↓; NOXA↑; CHOP↑; p-P53↑ | 2012 [55] |
| T47D; Breast cancer | DHA | Cell viability↓; G0/G1 phase↑; Cell apoptosis↑; tBid↑; Cytochrome C↑; Cleaved caspase-8, -9↑; Bim↑; Bcl-2↓ | 2013 [57] |
| Eca109, Ec9706; Esophageal cancer | DHA | Cell viability↓; Cell apoptosis↑; G0/G1 phase↑; Swollen mitochondria↑; Apoptotic body↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xL↓; Bax↑; Pro-caspase-3↓; Caspase-9↑; Cyclin E↓; CDK2, CDK4↓ | 2013 [59] |
| SW1990, BxPC-3, PANC-1; Pancreatic cancer. γδ T cell | DHA | No influence on the ell viability of γδ T; DHA-treated γδ T cell reduces cancer cell viability; Increasing expression of perforin, granzyme B, CD107a, IFN-γ from γδ T cell | 2013 [63] |
| HepG2, Huh-7, LO2; Liver cancer | ART, ATS, DHA | Cell viability↓; Cell apoptosis↑; NAC and zVAD reduce cell death; Chromatin condensation↑; ROS↑; Transmembrane potential↓; Caspase-3, -8, -9 activity↑; Cytochrome C releasing↑; Bax, Bak, Bim↑; Mcl-1↓ | 2015 [60] |
| Diverse cell lines | ART and 4 derivatives | Cell death↑; Cell apoptosis↑; Transmembrane potential↓; ROS↑; Intracellular calcium↑; G2/M phase↑; Caspase-3 activity↑; Pro-caspase-3, -9↓; Caspase-9↑; Apaf-1↑; P53, Bax↑, Bcl-2↓ | 2017 [54] |
| EJ-138, HTB-9; Bladder cancer | DHA | Cell viability↓; Cell apoptosis↑; Transmembrane potential↓; ROS↑; Caspase-3 activity↑; Bax↑, Bcl-2↓; Cytochrome C↑ | 2017 [58] |
| Diverse cell lines | ATS | Cell apoptosis↑; Lipid peroxidation↑; GRP78↑; CHOP↑; PUMA↑; Tumor growth↓ | 2017 [56] |
| SK-Hep-1; Liver cancer | DHA | Cell viability↓; Cell apoptosis↑; Cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9↑; Cleaved PARP-1↑; Sp1↓; XIAP↓; p-ERK, p-P38, p-JNK↓ | 2018 [48] |
| SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7; Breast cancer | ATS | Cell viability↓; Cell divisions↓; G1 phase↑; CDK1, CDK4↓; CDC25C↓; Cyclin B, Cyclin D3↓; P21↑; Cell apoptosis↑; Cleaved PARP-1↑; Caspases activation↑; Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability↑; Cytochrome C, SMAC↑; ROS↑ | 2019 [53] |
| 4T1; Mouse breast cancer | ART | Cell viability↓; Cell apoptosis↑; TGF-β↓; Tumor growth↓; Treg and MDSC expansion↓; CD4+ IFN-γ+ T cells and granzyme B+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes↑ | 2019 [62] |
Arrow “↑” indicates an enhancing effect or upregulation; “↓” indicates a diminishing effect or downregulation; abbreviations used in the table are listed at the end of the manuscript.