. 2022 Feb 16;10(2):308. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10020308

Table 1.

A summary of the main information obtained from the results of our literature review. AAT indicates acute aortic thrombosis; ADEM, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; AF, atrial fibrillation; CBN, contraction band necrosis; CeVD, cerebrovascular disease; CI, cardiac insufficiency; CND, chronic neurologic disorder; COPD, chronic pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein; CRF, chronic renal failure; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CVST, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; DM2, type 2 diabetes mellitus; DVT, deep vein thrombosis; FXIII, coagulation factor XIII; FVL, Factor V Leiden; HL, hyperlipidemia; HT, hypertension; IHD, ischemic heart disease; IL, interleukin; LN, lymph node; MI, myocardial infarction; MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; NP, not performed; NS, not specified; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PAE, pulmonary embolism; PC, pseudomembranous colitis; PF4, platelet factor 4; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SplVT, splanchnic vein thrombosis; SVT, superficial vein thrombosis; VITT, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. ↓ indicates reduction of levels.

References	N.	Sex	Age (yrs)	Pre-Existing Conditions	Type of Vaccine	Vax–Symptoms Interval	Clinical Manifestations/ Ante-Mortem Findings	Post-Mortem and/or Autoptic Findings	Cause of Death	Causal Relationship?	Hypothetical Pathophysiology
Ajmera 2021 [18]	1	F	85	RA, HL (on statin therapy), asthma, cerebrovascular accident 2 months earlier	Spikevax II dose	Soon after (2 days ^╪)	Rhabdomyolysis complicated by pneumonia during hospitalization	NP	NS	NS	Immune-mediated
Bjørnstad-Tuveng et al. 2021 [19]	1	F	30s	Preeclampsia and huge bleeding during childbirth 11 months before	Vaxzevria unknown dose	7 days (10 days ^╪)	↓ PLTs + intracerebral hemorrhage	CVST (small thrombi) + anti-PF4 antibodies	VITT	Probable	Immune-mediated
Castelli et al. 2021 [20]	1	M	50	Heterozygous MTHFR mutation (C677T)	Vaxzevria I dose	7 days (11 days ^╪)	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen, FXIII + CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NP	CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NS	NS
Choi et al. 2021 [21]	1	M	22	Elevated blood pressure in two previous measurements	Comirnaty I dose	5 days	Chest pain, VF the day after	Atrial myocarditis histological features + non-inflammatory single-cell necrosis + diffuse CBN	Myocarditis	Possible	Immune-mediated (cytokine-mediated or histiocyte-linked immunologic injury)
D’Agostino et al. 2021 [22]	1	F	54	Meniere’s disease	Vaxzevria unknown dose	12 days ^╪	CVST and DIC (arterial and venous)	NP	CVST and DIC	Possible	NS
Edler et al. 2021 [23]	3	F	Elderly *	IHD, CI, HT, dementia, hyperthyroidism, pulmonary emphysema, PC	Comirnaty I dose	3 days (5 days ^¥)	Fever three days after vaccination, then deteriorated and died	Leg DVT + PAE + cerebral infarct + ↑ CRP and IL-6 (consistent with PC)	PAE	No	-
		M	Elderly *	CRF, anemia, AF, PAE, HT, PAD, CeVD, RA, previous prostate carcinoma, chronic pancreatitis	Comirnaty I dose	7 days	COVID-19 pneumonia (positive nasopharyngeal swab 12 days after vaccination)	Lung histology consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia	COVID-19
		M	Elderly *	HT, IHD, DM2, CeVD, dementia, COPD, CRF	Comirnaty I dose	2 days ^¥	Unknown (found dead at home)	Peripheral PAE (mostly organized, some fresh) + swollen axillary LNs (near injection site)	Recurrent MI + IHD
Franchini et al. 2021 [24]	1	M	50	Heterozygous MTHFR mutation (C677T), folate deficiency	Vaxzevria I dose	7 days	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen, FXIII + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NP	CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NS	Immune-mediated (autoimmune or protein spike-mediated)
Greinacher et al. 2021 ^§ [25]	6 ⁺	F	49	None	Vaxzevria I dose	5 days	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + SplVT + peripheral PAE	CVST	VITT	Yes	Immune-mediated (autoantibodies or vaccine-induced antibodies that cross-react with PF4 and PLTs)
		-	-	CND	Vaxzevria I dose	7 days	↓ PLTs + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST	NS	VITT
		-	-	None	Vaxzevria I dose	8 days	↓ PLTs + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST	Widespread microvascular thrombosis	VITT
		-	-	None	Vaxzevria I dose	16 days	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST	Multiple organ thrombi	VITT
		-	-	None	Vaxzevria I dose	11 days	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST + SVT	NS	VITT
		-	-	Unknown	Vaxzevria I dose	12 days	Found dead	Cerebral hemorrhage	VITT
Jamme et al. 2021 [26]	1	F	69	HT	Vaxzevria I dose	11 days	↓ PLTs + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage + segmentary PAE	NP	CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NS	NS
Mehta et al. 2021 [27]	2	M	32	None	Vaxzevria I dose	9 days	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NP	CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NS	Immune-mediated
Mehta et al. 2021 [27]	2	M	25	PSC, migraines, heterozygous FVL mutation (c.1601G>A)	Vaxzevria I dose	6 days	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NP	CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NS	Immune-mediated
Permezel et al. 2021 [28]	1	M	63	DM2, IHD, AF	Vaxzevria I dose	12 days ^╪	ADEM	Diffuse acute demyelination (perivenular) with sparse lymphocytes	ADEM	NS	NS
Pomara et al. 2021 [29]	2	M	50	None	Vaxzevria I dose	10 days ^╪	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + SplVT + intracerebral hemorrhage	Multi-organ small and medium vessels thrombi + multi-organ endothelial activation	VITT	Yes	NS
Pomara et al. 2021 [29]	2	F	37	None	Vaxzevria I dose	10 days ^╪	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST+ intracerebral hemorrhage	Massive upper limb DVT + feet SVT + multi-organ small and medium vessels thrombi + multi-organ endothelial activation	VITT	Yes	NS
Rodriguez et al. 2021 [30]	1	F	37	None	Janssen	7 days	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + DVT + CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NP	VITT	Yes	Immune-mediated (exaggerated response to the vector)
Sangli et al. 2021 [31]	1	M	65	HT, HP	Spikevax II dose	10 days (17 days ^╪)	↓ PLTs + anti-PF4 antibodies + bilateral lower extremities DVT + acute bilateral PAE + acute gluteal hematoma + CVST + upper extremity DVT + lower extremities compartment syndrome + S. aureus sepsis	NP	VITT (complicated by sepsis)	NS	NS
Schneider et al. 2021 [32]	18	M	82	NS	Spikevax I dose	1 day ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	Coronary sclerosis + cardiac hypertrophy + MI scars	Pre-existing cardiac changes	No	-
		F	91	NS	Spikevax I dose	1 day ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	Coronary sclerosis + cardiac hypertrophy + MI scars	Pre-existing cardiac changes	No	-
		F	32	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	12 days ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	Massive cerebral hemorrhage + anti-PF4 antibody (VITT)	Massive cerebral hemorrhage	Very probable	Immune-mediated
		F	34	Obesity	Vaxzevria I dose	1 day ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	Cardiac hypertrophy + MI scars + fresh MI	Recurrent MI	No	-
		F	48	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	10 days ^¥	Unknown (died at the workplace)	Aortic dissection with rupture	Bleeding aorta	No	-
		M	65	NS	Comirnaty I dose	11 h ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	Myocarditis + coronary sclerosis + cardiac hypertrophy + MI scars	Myocarditis	Possible	Immune-mediated
		M	71	NS	Comirnaty I dose	1 day ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	Cardiac hypertrophy + coronary sclerosis	Pre-existing cardiac changes	No	-
		F	57	NS	Spikevax II dose	6 days ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	Coronary sclerosis + fatty liver + high levels of glucose and lactate (in CSF and aqueous humor)	Hyperglycemic coma
		M	63	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	14 days ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	Coronary sclerosis + cardiac hypertrophy + MI scars + liver cirrhosis	Pre-existing cardiac changes
		M	61	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	day ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	Coronary sclerosis + cardiac hypertrophy	Pre-existing cardiac changes
		M	71	NS	Vaxzevria unknown dose	10 days ^¥	NS	DVT + PAE + coronary sclerosis + cardiac hypertrophy + MI scars (VITT-diagnostics negative)	PAE
		F	38	NS	Vaxzevria II dose	8 days ^¥	Anaphylactic shock during narcosis induction	CVST + multiple fresh thrombi + cardiac hypertrophy + MI + hypoxic brain changes, anti-PF4 antibodies	Anaphylactic reaction to anesthetics (thrombi formed after the brain damage due to the shock)	Improbable	Immune-mediated
		F	72	NS	Comirnaty I dose	12 days ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	Massive cerebral hemorrhage + coronary sclerosis + cardiac hypertrophy (VITT diagnostics negative)	Massive cerebral hemorrhage	No	-
		F	65	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	10 days ^¥	CVST + cerebral hemorrhages	CVST + cerebral hemorrhages + coronary sclerosis + anti-PF4 antibodies	VITT	Very probable	Immune-mediated
		M	79	NS	Comirnaty II dose	6 days ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	DVT + massive PAE + coronary sclerosis + pericarditis + chronic pulmonary emphysema (VITT diagnostics negative)	PAE	No	-
		M	57	NS	Vaxzevria unknown dose	2 days ^¥	NS	Coronary sclerosis + cardiac hypertrophy + MI scars + fresh MI	Recurrent MI
		F	72	NS	Comirnaty II dose	Soon after	Unknown (died in the vaccination center)	Coronary sclerosis + coronary thrombosis + MI scars + fresh MI (anaphylaxis diagnostics negative)	Fresh MI with coronary thrombosis
		M	69	NS	Janssen	9 days ^¥	Unknown (died at home)	CVST (but not significant neuropathologic changes) + coronary sclerosis + coronary thrombosis + cardiac hypertrophy + fresh MI + anti-PF4 antibodies	Fresh MI with coronary thrombosis	Possible	Immune-mediated
Schultz et al. 2021 [33]	3 ⁺	F	37	Pollen allergy, oral contraceptive,	Vaxzevria I dose	8 days ^╪	↓ PLTs + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NP	VITT	Yes	Immune-mediated
		F	42	Pollen allergy, contraceptive vaginal ring	Vaxzevria I dose	10 days ^╪	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST + intracerebellar hemorrhage	NP	VITT
		F	54	HT, hormone-replacement therapy	Vaxzevria I dose	7 days ^╪	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NP	VITT
Scully et al. 2021 [34]	7 ⁺	F	55	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	6 days ^╪	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + SplVT + AAT + intracerebral hemorrhage	NP	VITT	Possible	Immune-mediated
		F	52	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	10 days ^╪	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies	Multiple organs small vessels thrombosis + CVST+ intracerebral hemorrhage	VITT
		M	38	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	14 days ^╪	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + massive PAE	NP	VITT
		M	25	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	9 days ^╪	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST	NP	VITT
		M	54	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	10 days ^╪	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + SplVT + MI	NP	VITT
		F	22	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	10 days ^╪	↓ PLTs + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NP	VITT
		F	32	NS	Vaxzevria I dose	12 days ^╪	↓ PLTs, fibrinogen + anti-PF4 antibodies + CVST	NP	VITT
See et al. 2021 [35]	3 ⁺	NS	NS	Two were obese, none had risk factors for CVST	Janssen	NS	↓ PLTs + CVST + intracerebral hemorrhage	NS	VITT	Possible	Immune-mediated
Verma et al. 2021 [36]	1 ⁺	M	42	NS	Spikevax II dose	14 days ^╪	Tachycardia + ST-segment elevation + global biventricular dysfunction + left ventricular hypertrophy	Myocardial inflammatory infiltrate (macrophages + T cells + eosinophils + B cells)	Fulminant myocarditis	Possible	NS
Total: 19 articles	55	F:M = 24:23 ^£	Mean 52.74 (range 22–91) ^£

* In this work, subjects’ ages were not given for anonymization. ⁺ Only deceased subjects have been included in the table; the original paper counted more cases, but the other subjects survived. ^§ In this study, age and sex of only one case (index case) were given. ^¥ Vaccination–death interval. ^╪ Vaccination–hospital admission interval. ^£ The sex was specified in 47/55 cases, the age in 43/55 cases.