Table 2.

The in vivo phototherapy with different photosensitizers.

Therapy	Type	Photosensitizer	Excitation Wavelength	Dose	Approach	Ref.
Photothermal	gold nanomaterial	gold nanostar	808 nm laser (2 W/cm2)	10 nM	ΔT 1 ~ 30 °C	[88]
	two-dimensional materials	mesoporous silica-coated graphene nanosheet	808 nm laser (6 W/cm2)	50 μg/mL	ΔT ~ 30 °C	[95]
	quantum dot	carbon nanodot	808 nm laser (2 W/cm2)	5 mg/mL	ΔT ~ 50 °C; η 2 = 42%	[89]
		N,B-doped graphene quantum dot	808 nm laser (1.5 W/cm2)	1 mg/mL	η = 32%	[74]
	metal oxide materials	Fe3O4@Au	635 nm laser (0.3 W/cm2)	0.5 mg/mL	ΔT ~ 20 °C	[90]
		Mn-doped magnetic nanoclusters	750 nm laser	250 μg/mL	ΔT ~ 16 °C	[91]
	organic dye	COF@IR783	808 nm laser (0.75 W/cm2)	2.5 mg/kg	ΔT ~ 20 °C	[96]
		D–A structured molecular	1064/808 nm (1 W/cm2)	0.05 mg/kg	η = 30%	[77]
		ICG	808 nm (2 W/cm2)	40 μg/mL	η = 45%	[97]
		ApoE-Ph (AIE)	808 nm laser (0.5 W/cm2)	10 mg/kg	η = 34%	[79]
Photodynamic	quantum dots	Cu2−xSe	1064 nm laser (0.75 W/cm2)	5 mg/kg	n/a	[83]
	organic dye	dicysteamine-modified hypocrellin derivative (DCHB)	721 nm laser (0.5 W/cm2)	0.5 mM	η = 33%; quantum yield of 0.51	[98]
	inorganic nanoparticle and organic dye	ANG-IMNPs	PTT: 808 nm laser (0.36 W/cm2) PDT: 980 nm laser (0.8 W/cm2)	1.1 mg/kg	ΔT ~ 18 °C; cell viability ~ 28%	[99]
		Fe3O4-IR806	808 nm laser (3 W/cm2)	10 mg/kg	η = 42%; cell viability ~ 19.2%	[100]

¹ ΔT is the temperature in change. ² η is photothermal conversion efficiency.