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. 2022 Feb 16;12(2):225. doi: 10.3390/membranes12020225

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Hypoxia preconditioning improved the therapeutic effects of BMSC-EVs in vitro and in vivo. (A) The proliferation of chondrocytes was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. (B) Chondrocyte migration was determined by the Transwell migration assay (Scale bar = 50 µm). (C) Flow cytometry was used to analyze apoptosis in inflammatory chondrocytes. (D) Safranin O and fast green staining of knee joint specimens of rats that were treated with normoxia-EVs or hypoxia-EVs. Statistical analysis of the OARSI score in rats treated with normoxia-EVs or hypoxia-EVs. * p < 0.05.