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. 2022 Feb 20;23(4):2332. doi: 10.3390/ijms23042332

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Biosynthesis pathways of plant sterols. Enzymes of the plant sterols synthesis pathway are marked in blue, the key enzymes that regulate C24-alkyl sterol synthesis are depicted in yellow, major sterols in plants are marked in red, and dotted lines represent multiple reaction steps. Species names are abbreviated as follows: FDFT1, farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase; SQE, squalene monooxygenase; LAS, lanosterol synthase; CYP51; sterol C-14 demethylase; C14-R, sterol C-14 reductase; SC4DM, sterol C-4 demethylation complex enzymes (include SMO, 4-methyl sterol oxidase; 3β-HSD, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 3KSR, 3-keto sterol reductase) ; 8,7-SI, sterol 8,7 isomerase; C5-SD, sterol C-5 desaturase; 7-DR, 7-dehydrocholesterol; DHCR24, Δ(24)-sterol reductase; CAS, cycloartenol synthase; SMT, sterol C24-methyl transferase; CPI, cyclopropyl sterol isomerase; SSR, sterol side-chain reductase; CYP710A, sterol C-22 desaturase.