Table 4.

The applications and efficiencies of different fungal enzymes isolated from fungal strains recently modified through CRISPR technology.

Fungal Strain	Isolated Proteases	CRISPR System	Selective Marker	Promoter for sgRNA	Promoter for Cas9	Delivery Method	Editing Method	Application	Efficiency (%)	Reference
A. oryzae	Aspartic acid protease	Cas-9	pyrG	U6	amyB	PMT	NHEJ	Genetic engineering, food industries	10–30	[158,159]
M. thermophila	Alkaline protease	Cas-9	bar	U6	tef1	AMT	HDR	pharmaceuticals biomass/waste treatment	20–95	[86,156]
T. lanuginosus	Serine alkaline protease	Cas-9	hph	U6	act1	AMT	NHEJ	Wastewater and pharmaceuticals waste treatment	44–90	[82,160]
C. militaris	Serine alkaline protease	Cas-9	5-FOA/blpR	U6	tef1	AMT	NHEJ	Pharmacecurials	82–89	[161,162]
F. graminearum	Acid proteases	Cas-9	Fludioxonil	U6	gpdA	AMT	HDR	Food indsuries, pests conrol	2–12	[163,164]
U. maydis	Metalloproteases	Cas-9	Ip	U6	otef	PMT	NHEJ	Biofuels, pharmacuetcals	50–90	[165,166]
N. crassa	Serine proteases	Cas-9	bar	SNR52	TrpC	AMT	HDR	Genetic recombination	60–80	[83,167]
G. lucidum	Metalloproteases	Cas-9	ura3	T7	gpdA	PMT	NHEJ	Medicine	28–33	[168,169]

Note: NHEJ = Non-homologous end joining, HDR = High-fidelity homology-directed repair, Cas = CRISPR-associated genes, gRNA = Guide RNA, sgRNA = Single guide RNA, AMT = Agrobacterium mediated transformation, and PMT = Protoplast transformation.