Table 4.
The role of mast cells in response to pathogenic and commensal microorganisms.
| Biological Agents | Localization | MC Subpopulation | Signaling/Recruitment | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pathogenesis | ||||
| Bacteroidetes Proteobacteria |
Gut | MMCs; MCPT1 | IL-9, ILC-2; Th9 | [163] |
| Streptococcus equis | Peritoneum | BMMC-derived MCs | IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13, TNF-α, chemokines (CCL2/MCP-1, CCL7/MCP-3, CXCL2/MIP-2, CCL5/RANTES) | [164] |
| Haemophilus influenzae | Middle ear | BMMC-derived MCs | - | [165] |
| Mycoplasma pulmonis | Lung | BMMC-derived MCs | TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-2, IL-6, Histamine | [166] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Skin | BMMC-derived MCs | NF-α, MCP-1, MIP-2, and IL-6 | [59] |
| C. albicans (yeast and hyphae) | Mucous membranes | BMMC-derived MCs, MMCs; MCPT1 | IL-9, ILC-2; Th9, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8; IL-13, TNF-α; Neutrophils, Macrophage crawling and migration | [16,163,167] |
| Malassezia sympodialis | Skin | BMMC-derived MCs | IL-6; IL-8 β-hexosaminidase, IgE |
[13] |
|
Staphylococcus aureus
Peptostreptococcus magnus |
Skin | BMMC-derived MCs | IL-4; IL-13; IgE | [168] |
| Strongyloides ratti and S. venezuelensisis | Mucosal intestine | MMCs | IL-4, IgE | [162] |
| Trichinella spiralis | Mucosal intestine; vessels | BM-resident HPC | mMCP-1, IgE, IL-2, | [36] |
|
Leishmania major
L. infantum |
Cutaneous tissues | BMMCs | Β-hexosaminidase, TNF-α, Chymases (mMCP-1, mMCP-9), NO, IgE; IL-12; IFN-γ | [169,170] |
| Plasmodium berghei | CLN; skin | MMCs | TNF-α; CCL2; CXCL1; MMP-9; IFN-γ | [171] |
| DENV | Mucous membranes | MMCs | Tryptase, IL-1β | [172] |
| Zika virus | Mucous membranes | MMCs | Histame, IL-9, Th2 | [173,174] |
| Influenza and parainfluenza | Mucous membranes | MMCs | Th2, type I INF | [174] |
| HIV-1gp120 | Vascularized tissues | MC progenitors in the blood | IgE | [175] |
| Hepatitis C | Vascularized tissues | MC progenitors in the blood | IL-10, type I TNF | [101] |
| Coronavirus | Mucous membranes of lungs | MMCs | Histamine, Protease, PGD2, LTC4, IL-1, IL-6, IL-33 | [176] |
| Homeostatic Conditions | ||||
| C. albicans | Mucosal gut | CTMC | TGF-β; ILC2; IL-9; Th9; Treg Foxp3; IL-10 | [163] |
| C. albicans | Mucous membrane | BMMC-derived MCs | Restrain myeloid cells | [16] |
| Malassezia sympodialis | Skin | BMMC-derived MCs | IL-8, IgE | [177] |