Table 6.

The overview of applications of microfluidic POC devices in the early diagnosis of chronic diseases.

Classification	Detection Target	Composition	Sample	Comment	Ref.
Anemia	Hemoglobin concentration	Microfluidic system that uses optical methods	Serum	The system provides an approach that uses microfluidic detection of hemoglobin levels that can be integrated with other microfluidic approaches for blood analysis.	[179]
	Hemoglobin concentration	System integrating a 3D-printed microfluidic chip with a smartphone	Serum	This work presents a novel diagnostic strategy for advancing personalized medicine and mobile healthcare.	[180]
Chronic heart disease and chronic kidney disease	C-reactive protein (CRP)	System integrating a paper-based microfluidic immunoassay and a smartphone	Serum	The system has potential for future clinical POC chronic disease diagnosis and risk stratification through parallel measurements of a panel of protein biomarkers.	[181]
Advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD)	Phosphate concentration	Paper-based microfluidic device and a 3D-printed smartphone attachment	Serum	The device can potentially be used on a daily basis by patients at home.	[182]
Diabetes	Glycated hemoglobin	PDMS microfluidic device	Serum	The system enables earlier diabetes screening and diagnosis at a lower cost and earlier phase, minimizing the risk of diabetic complications.	[185]
		Paper-based microfluidic device using colorimetry	Saliva	Paper-based microfluidic devices have great potential for salivary diagnostics.	[189]
	Glucose	System integrating a paper-based microfluidic device and a smartphone	Serum	The paper-based microfluidic device is not susceptible to changes of sample volume.	[186]
		Paper-based microfluidic device using colorimetry	Saliva	Paper-based microfluidic devices have great potential for salivary diagnostics	[189]
Diabetes and hyperlipidemia	Glucose (GLU), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC)	Smartphone-assisted microfluidic chemical analyzer	Serum	This study demonstrated the feasibility of performing multi-index monitoring of diabetes.	[190]
Early dry eye disease	The electrolytes in tears	Paper-based microfluidic device and a smartphone	Tears	The system demonstrates the feasibility for the detection of early-stage dry eye, differential diagnosis of dry eye sub-types, and the severity of the condition.	[62]