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The SUMOylation E2 conjugation enzyme, Ubc9, and E3 ligase, PIAS1, interact with M1 protein of IBV at a very high affinity determined with a qFRET assay (A). The interaction affinity KD value of 0.2 µM between Ubc9 and M1 was determined using the qFRET assay in solution (B). The interaction affinity KD value of 0.22µM between PIAS1 and M1 was determined using the qFRET assay.
