Table 2.
Summary of candidate BFVI for specific FV intake and reason for inclusion or exclusion.
| Metabolites | HMDB ID | PubChem CID | Biofluid | Specificity | Reason | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Tocopherol | 1893 | 57393415 | Blood | no | Common for many sources | [51] |
| 5-MTHF | 1396 | 135398561 | Blood | no | Common for many sources | [52] |
| Potassium | 586 | 5462222 | Urine | no | Common for many sources | [53,54,55] |
| Acetate | - | 175 | Urine | no | Common for many sources | [56] |
| Hippuric acid | 714 | 464 | Urine | yes | Specific to polyphenolic compounds | [57,58] |
| Dihydro caffeic acid 3-O-sulfate | 41721 | 49844181 | Urine | yes | Combined biomarker | [59] |
| Proline betaine | 4827 | 115244 | Urine | yes | Specific to citrus | [60] |
| NMNA | - | 5571 | Urine | yes | Specific to beans | [61] |
| Acetylornithine | 3357 | 6992102 | Blood | yes | Combined biomarker | [62] |
| Scyllo-Inositol | 6088 | 892 | Urine | yes | Specific to coconut | [63] |
5-MTHF: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate; NMNA: N-methylnicotinic acid. Criteria: (1) the marker has high specificity for the targeted food or food group, such as arsenobetaine for fish; (2) the compound is highly characteristic of the food investigated (e.g., markers that are very high in the targeted food compared with others, such as chlorogenic acid for coffee); and (3) the marker is not fully specific but could be used in a multimarker approach (e.g., tartaric acid is present in grapes but combined with ethyl glucuronide may provide a good estimation of wine intake.