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. 2022 Jan 28;14(2):312. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020312

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of the one-hour pre-treatment with the decolored fraction (DEC) of bergamot essential oil (BEO) on 2% formalin-induced licking/biting behavior. (a) Time course based on seconds (sec) of licking/biting recorded at intervals of 5 min and expressed as time in sec ± S.E.M. (b) Overall licking/biting time expressed as time in sec ± S.E.M. during the first phase (EP, 0–10 min) and the second phase (LP, 10–30 min). Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test; n = 8, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.