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. 2022 Feb 1;12(2):134. doi: 10.3390/metabo12020134

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Total HexCers and LacCers are significantly higher in baseline urine EVs of patients that did not respond to therapy. EVs were isolated from urine samples of LN patients that met the clinical criteria of a non-responder (NR) or a complete responder (CR) after 12 months of treatment with MMF. Total of all chain lengths of HexCers (A) and LacCers (B) were quantified in EVs from urine collected prior to treatment (baseline) and at 3 months (3 Mos) and 12 months (12 Mos) post-treatment. HexCers and LacCers were normalized to urine creatinine (UCr) levels measured in the urine samples from which the EVs were isolated. p-values were calculated as described in the Methods and adjusted for multiple comparisons using Bonferonni correction. Adjusted p-values are provided on the graph.