Table 1.

Examples of plants that hold meaning to Indigenous Peoples for which in vitro methods have been applied. We avoided the label “Indigenous” and chose instead “traditional uses” in column two to denote social and cultural roles, because the cited references do not define Indigenous.

Scientific Name	Traditional Uses	In Vitro Method Used	Geographical Location	Reference
Castanea americana	food, wood	transgenic * modification *	Northeastern USA	[145]
Turbinicarpus sp.	medicinal, ceremonial	tissue culture *^	Mexico	[118]
Gentiana kurroo	medicinal	shoot culture *	India	[146]
Eucalyptus spp.	medicinal	tissue culture *	Australia, Tasmania	[147]
Rhinacanthus nasutus	medicinal, dye	tissue culture *	Southwest Bengal	[148]
Gethyllis multifolia	medicinal	hydro culture *	Worcester, South Africa	[149]
Agathosma betulina	medicinal, food	micropropagation *	Western Cape, South Africa	[150]
Wrightia tinctoria	medicinal	stem cuttings *	India	[151]
Aristolochia ringens	medicinal	root, stem cuttings *	Nigeria	[152]
Manihot esculenta	medicinal, food	micropropagation *	Global distribution	[153]
Artemisia tridentata	medicinal, ceremonial	micropropagation *	Western North America	[154]
Swertia mussotii	medicinal, ceremonial	micropropagation *	Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China	[155]
Nardostachys jatamansi	medicinal	micropropagation *	Himalayan region	[156]
Sequoiadendron giganteum	ornamental	meristem culture	Sierra Nevada, USA	[157]
Artocarpus altilis	medicinal, food	meristem culture *^	Pacific Islands	[158]
Solanum tuberosum	food, ceremonial	nodal explant tissue culture *^ shoot tip, micro tuber cryopreservation	Global distribution	[159,160,161,162]
Hordeum vulgare	food	embryo cryopreservation *	SW Asia, Himalayas	[163]
Ceiba pentandra	medicinal, wood	apical shoot culture	Tropical forests, global distribution	[164]
Zea mays	food, ceremonial	embryo, seed cryopreservation	Global distribution	[165,166]

* Indicates in vitro methods have been documented for conservation purposes. ^ Denotes in vitro projects carried out in explicit collaboration with Indigenous Peoples; unmarked reports do not disclose this information.