. 2020 Apr 8;47(2):155–167. doi: 10.1097/HMR.0000000000000284

Table 1.

Overview of findings per research question (first author and year of publication of the reporting study)

RQ	Investigated association	Positive association	Negative association	No association
1	Intrinsic motivation – safety	Toode, 2015		Toode, 2015
	Internal work motivation – patient centeredness	Papastavrou, 2015^a; Suhonen, 2014^a
	Work engagement – quality	Freeney, 2013^a; Lowe, 2012; Shantz, 2016^a; Van Bogaert, 2014^a; Wong, 2010^a
	Work engagement – patient centeredness	Lowe, 2012	Rathert, 2009
	Work engagement – safety	Prins, 2009^a; Shantz, 2016^a	Rathert, 2009
	Psychological empowerment – quality	Leggat, 2010^a; Purdy, 2010^a
	Psychological empowerment – effectiveness	Spence Laschinger, 2014
	Ownership – patient centeredness	Harwood, 2007 ^a
	Autonomous motivation – patient centeredness	Redfern, 1999^a; Schoenfeld, 2016^a		Kosmala-Anderson, 2010
	Organizational commitment – quality	De Groot, 1998; Tsai, 2011^a		Johnson, 2011^a
	Organizational commitment – effectiveness	Freund, 2007
	Organizational commitment – efficiency	McNeese-Smith, 1999
	Organizational commitment – patient centeredness	Rathert, 2009
	Organizational commitment – safety	Vogus, 2016^a,b; Rathert, 2009
	Professional commitment – quality	De Groot, 1998; Teng, 2009^b		Teng, 2009^b
	Professional commitment – safety	Teng, 2009
	Job commitment – effectiveness	Freund, 2007
	Identified regulation – safety	Leung, 2012^a; Toode, 2015		Toode, 2015
	Motivation – quality	Khatri, 2007; Hudelson, 2008^a
	Motivation – accessibility			Mason, 2013
	Motivation – safety			Khatri, 2007
	Introjected regulation – safety			Toode, 2015; Toode, 2015
	External regulation – patient centeredness	Schoenfeld, 2016 ^a	Kosmala-Anderson, 2010
	External regulation – safety		Leung, 2012 ^a	Toode, 2015; Toode, 2015
	Behavioral intention – equitability	Natan, 2009
	Amotivation – quality		Redfern, 1999 ^a
2	Work engagement – core task behavior	Gordon, 2015^a; Gordon, 2015^a; Rodwell, 2017^a; Spence Laschinger, 2009^a; Spence Laschinger, 2009^a
	Autonomous motivation – guideline use	Neo, 2013^a; van de Steeg, 2014^a
	Affective commitment – core task behavior	Huang, 2012^a		Somers, 2000^b
	Organizational commitment – core task behavior	Chu, 2011^a; Hsu, 2011^a		Johnson, 2011^a Vandenberghe, 2004^a,b
	Goal internalization – core task behavior			Kang, 2012^a,b
	Importance – compliance	Simons, 2014^b		Simons, 2014^b
	Motivation – guideline use			Lyles, 2014; Lyles, 2014; Smith, 2005
	Motivation – providing quality care	Hudelson, 2008 ^a
	Commitment – guideline use	Tapper, 2014^b
	Supervisor commitment – core task behavior	Vandenberghe, 2004^a,b
	Work group commitment – core task behavior			Vandenberghe, 2004^a,b
	Normative commitment – core task behavior	Huang, 2012^a
	Continuance commitment – core task behavior		Huang, 2012^a	Somers, 2000^b
	Controlled motivation – protocol use	Neo, 2013^a; van de Steeg, 2014^a
	Behavioral intention – compliance	O’Boyle, 2001		Maue, 2004; Maue, 2004^b; O’Boyle, 2001^b
3	Intrinsic motivation – OCB	Battistelli, 2013a^a; Battistelli, 2013a^a; Battistelli, 2013a^a; Battistelli, 2013a^a; Battistelli, 2013b^a; Battistelli, 2013b^a; Pohl, 2012^a; Pohl, 2012^a
	Work engagement – extra role behavior or proactive behavior	Gordon, 2015^a; Gordon, 2015^a; Salanova, 2011^a,b; Warshawsky, 2012^a
	Work engagement – OCB	Rodwell, 2017^a; Rodwell, 2017^a
	Work engagement – voicing	Wong, 2010^a
	Psychological empowerment – empowered behavior	Montani, 2015^a; Purdy, 2010^a
	Psychological empowerment – proactivity	Harwood, 2007^a; Kuokkanen, 2001^a
	Ownership – quality improvement			Harvey, 1996
	Autonomous motivation – proactivity	Redfern, 1996^a; Snell, 2011		Van de Wiel, 2013^a
	Autonomous motivation – OCB	Galletta, 2012^a; Galletta, 2012^a
	Autonomous motivation – voicing	Attree, 2007^a; Brubacher, 2011; Schwappach, 2014^a; Sur, 2016		Flynn-O’Brien, 2015
	Affective commitment – OCB	Battistelli, 2013b^a; Battistelli, 2013b^a; Bolon, 1997^b; Bolon, 1997^b; Boselie, 2010^a; Chênevert, 2015^a; Galletta, 2012^a; Galletta, 2012^a; Huang, 2012^a; Vogus, 2016^a,b; Xerri, 2013^a; Xerri, 2013^a		Huang, 2012^a
	Affective commitment – innovative behavior	Xerri, 2013^a
	Organizational commitment – extra role behavior or proactive behavior	Gregersen, 1993^a,b; Hsu, 2011^a		Johnson, 2011^a
	Organizational commitment – OCB	Carson, 1998^a; Chu, 2011^a; Cohen, 1999; Lee, 2001^a; Lee, 2001^a; Lin, 2015		Chu, 2005; Irvine, 2000^a; Irvine, 2000^a; Irvine, 2000^a; Irvine, 2000^a
	Organizational commitment – quality improvement			Irvine, 2000^a; Irvine, 2000^a; Irvine, 2000^a; Irvine, 2000^a
	Organizational identification – OCB	Bellou, 2006
	Importance – quality improvement			Lindgren, 2013 ^a
	Goal internalization – extra role behavior			Kang, 2012^a,b
	Identified regulation – OCB		Battistelli, 2013b^a	Battistelli, 2013b^a
	Job involvement – OCB	Cohen, 1999		Chu, 2005
	Work involvement – OCB		Cohen, 1999
	Patient commitment – extra role behavior	Williams, 2007^a		Gregersen, 1993^a,b
	Career/occupational commitment – OCB	Carson, 1998^a; Lee, 2001^a	Cohen, 1999	Lee, 2001^a
	Work group commitment – OCB	Gregersen, 1993^a,b		Cohen, 1999
	Supervisor commitment – extra role behavior	Gregersen, 1993^a,b
	Management commitment – extra role behavior			Gregersen, 1993^a,b
	Introjected regulation – OCB		Battistelli, 2013b^a	Battistelli, 2013b^a
	Normative commitment – OCB			Battistelli, 2013b^a; Battistelli, 2013b^a; Bolon, 1997^b; Bolon, 1997^b; Huang, 2012^a; Huang, 2012^a
	Rewards – proactivity	Plost, 2007; Snell, 2011
	External regulation – OCB		Battistelli, 2013b^a	Battistelli, 2013a^a; Battistelli, 2013a^a; Battistelli, 2013a^a; Battistelli, 2013a^a; Battistelli, 2013b^a; Boselie, 2010^a
	Continuance commitment – OCB			Battistelli, 2013b^a; Battistelli, 2013b^a; Bolon, 1997^b; Bolon, 1997^b; Galletta, 2012^a; Galletta, 2012^a; Huang, 2012^a; Huang, 2012^a
	Controlled motivation – voicing	Attree, 2007^a; Brubacher, 2011; Schwappach, 2014^a	Attree, 2007^a; Brubacher, 2011; Flynn-O’Brien, 2015; Schwappach, 2014^a; Sur, 2016
	Amotivation – voicing		Flynn-O’Brien, 2015; Brubacher, 2011; Sur, 2016
4	Proactivity – quality	Johnson, 2011^a; Redfern, 1999^a,b
	Proactivity – effectiveness			Campbell, 2008^b
	Proactivity – safety	Agnew, 2014^a,b; Dearmon, 2013^b; Redfern, 1999^a	Dearmon, 2013^b	Agnew, 2014^a,b
	OCB – quality	D’Amato, 2008
	OCB – safety		Vogus, 2016^a,b; Vogus, 2016^a,b
	Quality improvement – effectiveness	Ceballos, 2013e; Ogrinc, 2014^a; Zimmerman, 2013	Zimmerman, 2013	Ceballos, 2013^b; Zimmerman, 2013
	Quality improvement – safety	Ceballos, 2013^b; Ogrinc, 2014^a		Ceballos, 2013^b
	Empowered behavior – quality	Purdy, 2010^a
	Voicing – quality	Wong, 2010^a

Note. Qualitative evidence is depicted in italics. RQ = research question; OCB = organizational citizenship behavior.

^aHigh-quality study.

^bExternally assessed outcome.