Table 1.

Recent studies that use the combination of photodynamic therapy and nanoparticles for inhibition of microbial biofilm

Year of publication (References)	Nanoparticles	Bacterial species	Outcome
2021 [17]	SeNPs	Enterococcus faecalis	Combination therapy remarkably decreased CFUs of one-day-old and root canal biofilm of E. faecalis in comparison with the control group
2021 [31]	AgNPs	Enterococcus faecalis	Activation with PIPS and PUI increased the AgNPs efficacy irrigating solution for E. faecalis elimination from the root canal system
2020 [32]	AgNPs	Candida species	PDT with the combination of MB and AgNPs did not have any effect on C. albicans. However, this combination therapy decreased the MIC value of C. parapsilosis
2020 [33]	AgNPs	Enterococcus faecalis	The use of AgNPs leads to an increased in PDT efficacy
2020 [34]	PNP	Streptococcus mutans	The combination of PDT with PNP could improve PDT outcomes
2020 [35]	BSA nanoparticles loaded-methylene blue	Candida albicans	This drug delivery system could suppress the biofilm formation of C. albicans

SeNPs, selenium nanoparticles; CFUs, Colony-Forming Units; AgNPs, Silver nanoparticles; PIPS, passive ultrasonic irrigation; PUI, photon-induced photoacoustic streaming; PDT, Photodynamic therapy; MB, methylene blue; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; PNP, Propolis nanoparticle