Table 1.

Advantages and limitations of mucosal vaccines.

Mucosal Vaccines
Advantages	Limitations
Easiness of administration	Lack of effective delivery systems
Less stringent preparations for purity requirements	Lack of safe and effective adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity
Simple production and storage	Further development needed (optimal dose, clinical trials, new indications)
Problems related to needles are excluded	Poor induction of antigen-specific immune responses
Facilitated process of mass immunization
Presumably induction of both systemic and local immune responses
Eliminating cases of asymptomatic carriers of the pathogen