Skip to main content
. 2022 Jan 28;14(2):278. doi: 10.3390/v14020278

Table 2.

Human virome changes in human chronic diseases and cancer states.

Human Diseases Samples Cases (n) Controls (n) Virome Alternation References
Type 1 DM Feces 11 infants from Finland and Estonia based on HLA genotype 11 matched controls

  • Enrichment of Circoviridae-related sequences in control groups Higher Shannon diversity and richness of bacteriophages in control groups

 [51]
Type 1 DM Feces 10 children with autoantibodies (6 seroconverters and 4 children who developed T1D) 8 non-seroconverted HLA-matched controls

  • An increase of the E. coli phage/E. coli ratio in developed T1D

 [52]
Islet autoimmunity/ Type 1 DM Feces 323 islet autoimmunity and 95 T1D 418 controls

  • A prolonged enterovirus B (EV-B), Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CXADR), rs6517774 associated in islet autoimmunity

 [53]
Type 1 DM (Pregnant women) Feces 35 pregnant women with T1D 26 pregnant women without T1D

  • Picobirnaviruses and tobamoviruses more prevalent in pregnant women with T1D

 [54]
Type 1 DM Feces 73 children and adolescents shortly after T1D onset (Azerbaijan 19, Jordan 20, Nigeria 14, Sudan 20) 105 matched controls

  • More frequent endogenous retrovirus signal in T1D

 [55]
Type 2 DM Feces 71 T2D patients 74 non-diabetic Chinese adults

  • Increase number of gut phages in T2D

 [56]
Obesity Feces 10 Children with obesity
8 Children of obesity with metabolic syndrome		 10 Children with healthy normal-weight

  • Phage richness and Shannon diversity increase in obese and metabolic syndrome

 [57]
Obesity Serum 273 obese Qatari adults
120 obese Qatari children		 184 lean Qatari adults
111 lean Qatari children

  • Higher sero-prevalence of HSV1 and antibodies against several peptide epitopes of HSV-1/2 in obese

 [58]
Obesity Feces 21 pre-treated obese subjects 28 post-obesity-treated subjects: 2 exercise and diet, 17 Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses, 2 sleeve gastrectomies, 7 verticals banded gastroplasties

  • A lower alpha diversity index of the gut virome in pre-treated group Higher core diversity of DNA viruses in post-treated group

 [59]
Obesity and Type 2 DM Feces 128 obese subjects (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) 101 lean controls (BMI ≥ 18.5 and <23 kg/m2)

  • A decreased richness and diversity in obese Transkingdom correlations between viruses and bacteria decreased in obese

 [60]
Hypertension Feces 56 prehypertension
99 hypertension patients		 41 healthy controls

  • Viruses have a superior resolution and discrimination power than bacteria for identifying hypertension More targeted virus-bacteria linkages in hypertension

 [61]
Pulmonary arterial hypertension Feces 18 type 1 PAH patients 13 reference subjects

  • Bacteria associated with trimethylamine/ trimethylamine N-oxide and purine metabolism increased in PAH. Enrichment of Enterococcal and relative depletion of Lactococcal phages in the PAH

 [62]
Fatty liver Feces 73 patients with NAFLD (29 with NAS score 0–4; 44 with NAS score 5–8) 9 individuals without liver disease and 13 patients with mild primary biliary cholangitis

  • Decrease in intestinal viral diversity and a significant reduction in the proportion of bacteriophages in severe NAFLD

 [63]
Asthma or Pneumonia Nasopharyngeal swabs 42 asthma children < 15 years old 78 pneumonia children < 15 years old

  • The Asthma group: RV-C, BoV-1 and RSV-B The pneumonia group: Bacteriophage EJ-1 and TTMV. TTV

 [64]
Asthma Nasopharyngeal swabs 24 asthma children
11 asthma children		 10 healthy children
11 healthy children

  • Bacteriophage deficiency, while eukaryotic viral presence increased in asthma

 [65]
Asthma Nasopharyngeal swabs 15 patients with non-severe asthma
15 patients with severe asthma		 12 healthy individuals

  • CMV and EBV more abundant in patients with asthma Bacteriophage severely reduced in patients with asthma

 [66]
COPD Nasopharyngeal swabs 63 patients from the Bergen COPD Exacerbation Study

  • Reduced abundance of bacteriophages in COPD patients with viral pathogens

 [67]
Colorectal cancer Feces 30 had adenomas
30 had carcinomas		 30 had healthy colons

  • Bacteriophages including Siphoviridae, Myoviridae allowed the colonization of driver bacteria such as Fusobacterium

 [68]
Colorectal cancer Feces 11 patients in Hong Kong
46 patients in Austria
91 patients in France and Germany		 112 controls in Hong Kong
63 controls in Australia
66 controls in France and Germany

  • Enrichment of Inovirus and Tunalikevirus in CRC development 4 taxonomic markers associated with the reduced survival rate

 [69]

Abbreviation: T1D, Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2D, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PAH, Pulmonary arterial hypertension; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRC, Colorectal cancer; CMV, Cytomegalovirus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; RV, rhinovirus.