. 2022 Feb 15;11(2):253. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11020253

Table 4.

Putative insecticide resistance mechanisms in wild An. gambiae s.l. samples in 2011 and 2015.

Locality	Year	Species and Kdr L995F freq.	PBO Effect		DEF Effect		Kdr L995F Allele	Resistance Status
Locality	Year	Species and Kdr L995F freq.	Kdts₅₀	Mrv.	Kdts₅₀	Mrv.	Kdr L995F Allele	Resistance Status
Ouro-Housso/Kanadi	2011	Aa , Ac , Ag **	+	+	-	-	+++	R
Ouro-Housso/Kanadi	2015	Aa , Ac , Ag *	++	++	+	+	++	R
Be-Centre	2011	Aa , Ac **	++	+	++	+/-	++	RP
Be-Centre	2015	Aa , Ac , Ag **	++	-	-	-	+++	R
Bala	2011	Aa	+/-	+	N/A	N/A	-	R
Bala	2015	Aa , Ac , Ag *	+/-	+	N/A	N/A	+++	R

Aa: Anopheles arabiensis, Ac: Anopheles coluzzii; Ag: Anopheles gambiae; kdts₅₀: knockdown time suppression; Mrv: mortality reversion; * presence of Kdr L995F at <25% frequency; ** presence of Kdr L995F at 25–40% frequency; *** presence of Kdr L995F at >50% frequency; +freq: Frequency; -: not detected; +/-: possible role in resistance to be confirmed; +: minor role in resistance; ++: Moderate role in resistance; +++: Major role in resistance; N/A: not applicable; R: confirmed resistance; SR: suspected resistance.