Table 3.
Comparison of Davidson trauma scale cut-point derived GWI subgroups
| Measure | Mean (SEM) | pc | g* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC | GWI− | GWI+ | HC/GWI− | HC/GWI+ | GWI−/GWI+ | HC/GWI− | HC/GWI+ | GWI−/GWI+ | |
| RAND SF-36* | |||||||||
| Physical functioning | 3.7 (5.0) | 43.4 (5.9) | 59.2 (4.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.047 | 3.06 | 4.76 | 0.94 |
| Physical rolea | 3.6 (7.9) | 67.2 (10.6) | 85.5 (6.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.156 | 2.27 | 3.64 | 0.50 |
| Pain | 10.3 (5.3) | 54.7 (4.6) | 67.2 (5.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.078 | 2.71 | 3.10 | 0.59 |
| General health percept. | 14.8 (5.1) | 55.3 (5.0) | 68.2 (4.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.059 | 3.04 | 4.26 | 0.89 |
| Energy/fatigue | 22.7 (5.1) | 59.1 (5.5) | 76.3 (3.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.016 | 2.46 | 4.29 | 1.18 |
| Social funct. | 6.6 (5.8) | 46.1 (6.9) | 71.7 (4.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.004 | 2.46 | 5.34 | 1.43 |
| Emotional roleb | 5.7 (7.6) | 39.6 (10.6) | 88.9 (5.9) | 0.007 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1.35 | 4.78 | 1.87 |
| Emotional well-being | 13.9 (4.0) | 35.5 (4.7) | 52.9 (3.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.006 | 1.20 | 2.33 | 1.02 |
| MFI | |||||||||
| General fatigue | 14.7 (5.6) | 53.2 (7.5) | 71.9 (4.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.071 | 1.61 | 2.78 | 0.72 |
| Physical fatigue | 18.7 (5.4) | 61.2 (6.3) | 69.0 (3.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.345 | 1.82 | 2.48 | 0.37 |
| Mental fatigue | 21.0 (5.5) | 49.4 (6.8) | 70.3 (4.9) | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 0.028 | 1.10 | 2.04 | 0.87 |
| Reduced activity | 14.7 (5.3) | 51.7 (7.6) | 55.5 (5.6) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.728 | 1.46 | 1.74 | 0.13 |
| Reduced motivation | 16.7 (4.8) | 41.3 (5.3) | 58.8 (5.1) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.038 | 1.20 | 2.01 | 0.78 |
| DTS | |||||||||
| Intrusion | 1.4 (2.0) | 8.8 (1.8) | 26.6 (1.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1.46 | 4.70 | 2.37 |
| Avoidance/numbness | 1.5 (2.8) | 13.8 (2.6) | 37.4 (1.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1.70 | 5.86 | 2.49 |
| Hyperarousal | 2.0 (2.5) | 14.8 (2.5) | 32.5 (1.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1.79 | 5.50 | 2.21 |
| Total | 4.8 (7.1) | 37.3 (6.1) | 96.5 (3.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1.96 | 7.33 | 3.02 |
SF-36 scores shown as (100 − score) to invert scale to align with MFI and DTS such that higher values indicate greater disability
The asterisk denotes the corrected Hedges g value
aPhysical role (role limitations due to physical health)
bEmotional role (role limitations due to emotional problems)
cFalse discovery rate calculated by the method of Benjamini and Hochberg [53] for all significant p values is < 0.06