Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Feb 14;14(2):138. doi: 10.3390/toxins14020138

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

The cis-acting RNA regulatory elements of HIV-1. The untranslated highly conserved leader RNA including TAR (left) and the RRE (right). The leader RNA is located in the R and U5 regions of the LTRs of the HIV genome and consists of several regulatory domains: trans-activation response element (TAR); polyadenylation hairpin (polyA); primer activation signal (PAS); primer-binding site (PBS); dimerization initiation sequence (DIS); splice donor (SD); RNA packaging signal (Ψ); translation start codon of gag (AUG). The highly conserved RRE is located in the env gene sequence of the viral genome and contains ~350 nucleotides generating seven stem loops and bulges. Stem IIB and Stem IA are defined as primary and secondary Rev-binding sites (left). Left image adapted from: copyright © 2012, Das et al.; CC BY 2.0 license BioMed Central Ltd. [102]. Right image adapted from: copyright © 2012, Fernandes et al.; CC BY-NC 3.0 license Landes Bioscience [103].