Table 3.
Occurrence of OTA in meat and edible offal of slaughtered pigs.
| Samples | Country | Year/Years of Study | OTA Prevalence | Method 2 | Comments | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive/Number Tested (% Positive) | Concentration (μg/kg-μg/L) |
||||||
| Blood | Canada | 1988 | 1200 Total (3.6% of 194) (4.2% of 1006) |
>20 | HPLC-FD | [166] | |
| 1989–1990 | 16–65% | 5.4–19.4 | |||||
| Serum | Bulgaria | 1993–1994 | 25/75 (48–64%, autumn) (60.88 spring) |
Mean: 4.8–21.94 (autumn) 60.88 (spring) |
HPLC | [177] | |
| Romania | 1998 | 52 (Total) | 98%: 0.05–13.4 92%: ≥0.1 Max: 13.4 Mean: 2.43 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.1 | [164] | |
| Romania | NR 1 | 49/52 (94%) | 0.1–13.4 | HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.1 | [165] | |
| Serbia | 2006–2007 | 28/90 (31%) | 0.22–220.8 Mean: 3.70 ± 23.59 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.1 | [167] | |
| Kidneys | Bulgaria | 1994 | 80–100% (nephropathic kidneys) |
Mean: 1.5–7.17 | Samples from porcine nephropathy affected farms | [178] | |
| France | 1997 | 3/300 (1%) 6/100 (6%) |
1%: 0.40–1.40 6%: 0.16–0.48 |
HPLC-FD | 300 Healthy pigs 100 Nephropathic pigs LOD: 0.05, LOQ: 0.16 |
[179] | |
| France | 1998 | 238/710 (33.5%) | 184/710 (25.9%): LOD-0.5 54/710 (7.6%): 0.5–5 | HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.05, LOQ: 0.16 | ||
| Germany | NR | 26/58 (44%) | Max: 9.3 | HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.01 | [180] | |
| Romania | 1998 | 41/52 (79%) | Max: 3.18, Mean: 0.54 | HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.01 | [165] | |
| Denmark | 1999 | 284/300 (94.7%) | 0–15 Mean: 0.50, Median: 0.18 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.02, LOQ: 0.06 | [181] | |
| Italy | NR | 52/54 (96%) | 0.26–3.05 | HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.14, LOQ: 0.52 | [182] | |
| Italy | NR | 54/54 (100%) | Mean: 0.29, Max: 0.9 | ELISA | LOD: 0.01 | [183] | |
| Italy | 2005 | 5 (Total) | 23.9–27.5 Average: 25.6 ± 1.56 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.10, LOQ: 0.30 | [184] | |
| Serbia | 2006–2007 | 30/90 (33.3%) | 0.17–52.5 Mean: 1.26 ± 5.85 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.01 | [167] | |
| Czech Rebublic | 2011–2012 | 8% | 0.15–0.46, Mean: 0.18 | HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.10, LOQ: 0.30 | [168] | |
| China | 2014 | 35/40 | (0.03–0.1) to 0.323 | UHPLC-MS/MS | LOD: 0.03, LOQ: 0.10 | [159] | |
| Italy | NR | 5/5 (100%) | 0.17–0.91 Mean: 0.37 ± 0.30 |
HPLC-FD (ED) | LOD: 0.001, LOQ: 0.002 | [147] | |
| Belgium | 2012–2019 | 41/110 (37.3%) | Mean: 0.22 ± 0.25 | LC-MS/MS | LOD: 0.2 | [169] | |
| Kidneys of wild boars | Italy | 2014–2015 | 48 (Total) 2014:26/26 (100%) 2015:22/22 (100%) |
2014: 0.19–3.23 Median: 0.68 2015: 0.07–1.72 Median: 0.34 |
HPLC-FD (ED) | LOD: 0.001, LOQ: 0.002 | [120] |
| Serbia | 2018 | 14/95 (14.74%) | 0.10–3.97 Average: 1.36 Median: 0.99 |
HPLC-FD | LOQ: 0.10 | [148] | |
| Liver | Germany | NR | 10/58 (17%) | Max: 2.7 µg/kg | HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.01 | [180] |
| Romania | 1998 | 39/52 (75%) | Max: 0.61 Mean: 0.16 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.01 | [165] | |
| Italy | 2005 | 5 (Total) | 3.2–5.3 Average: 4.4 ± 0.8 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.10, LOQ: 0.30 | [184] | |
| Serbia | 2006–2007 | 24/90 (26.6%) | 0.22–14.5 Mean: 0.63 ± 1.87 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.01 | [167] | |
| China | NR | 1/3 (33.33%) | 1.46 | LC-MS/MS | LOQ: 0.25-1.0 | [156] | |
| Italy | NR | 5/5 (100%) | 0.07–0.59 Mean: 0.35 ± 0.20 |
HPLC-FD (ED) | LOD: 0.001, LOQ: 0.002 | [147] | |
| Liver of wild boars | Italy | 2014–2015 | 48 (Total) 2014: 26/26 (100%) 2015: 22/22 (100%) |
2014: 0.04–1.93, Median: 0.15 2015: 0.02–1.31 Median: 0.23 |
HPLC-FD (ED) | LOD: 0.001, LOQ: 0.002 | [153] |
| France | 2014 | 47/70 (67%) | 0.10–3.65 | SIDA–UHPLC–MS/MS | LOD: 0.03, LOQ: 0.10 | [23] | |
| Pork meat and liver | Denmark | 1993–1994 | 64/76 (84.2%) (conventional) 4/7 (57.1%) (ecological) |
Conventional Max: 1.3 Mean: 0.11, Median: 0.09 Ecological Max: 0.12, Mean: 0.05, Median: 0.05 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.02–0.03 | [185] |
| Meat | Germany | NR | 10/58 (17.2%) | Max: 0.14, Median: <0.01 | HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.01 | [180] |
| Romania | 1998 | 9/54 (17%) | Max: 0.53, Mean: 0.15 | HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.01 | [165] | |
| Denmark | 1999 | 228/300 (76%) | 0–2.9 Mean: 0.12, Median: 0.03 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.03, LOQ: 0.09 | [181] | |
| Swine muscle | Portugal | 2002–2003 | 1/13 (7.7%) | 0.12 Mean: 0.01 ± 0.03 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.01, LOQ: 0.04 | [144] |
| Italy | NR | 54/54 (100%) 42/54 (78%) > 0.05 20% > 0.5 |
Mean: 0.024, Median: 0.01 | ELISA | LOD: 0.01 | [183] | |
| China | NR | 1/3 | 1.25 | LC-MS/MS | LOQ: 0.25–1.0 | [156] | |
| Czech Rebublic | 2011–2012 | 8% | 0.15–0.20, Mean: 0.13 | HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.10, LOQ: 0.30 | [168] | |
| Italy | NR | 5/5 (100%) | 0.09–0.20, Mean: 0.13 ± 0.04 | HPLC-FD (ED) | LOD: 0.001, LOQ: 0.002 | [146] | |
| Muscle of wild boars | Italy | 2014–2015 | 48 (Total) 2014: 26/26 (100%) 2015: 22/22 (100%) |
2014: <LOD–0.77 Median: 0.08 2015: 0.03–0.50 Median: 0.13 |
HPLC-FD (ED) | LOD: 0.001, LOQ: 0.002 | [152] |
| China | NR | 1/4 | 0.88 | LC-MS/MS | LOD: 0.07, LOQ: 0.25 | [156] | |
| France | 2014 | 19/25 (76%) | ≤0.03–1.15 | SIDA–UHPLC–MS/MS | LOD: 0.03, LOQ: 0.10 | [23] | |
| Italy | NR | 5/5 (100%) Rearing system: Indoor & Outdoor |
Indoor: 0.055 ± 0.015 Outdoor: 0.078 ± 0.011 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.0125, LOQ: 0.0250 |
[15] | |
| Fat | Italy | NR | 5/5 (100%) Rearing system: Indoor & Outdoor |
Indoor: 0.079 ± 0.018 Outdoor: 0.085 ± 0.025 |
HPLC-FD | LOD: 0.0125, LOQ: 0.0250 |
[15] |
1 NR: Not reported. 2 Refer to Table 2 for abbreviations; UHPLC-MS/MS: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS: Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; ED: enzymatic digestion; SIDA: Stable isotope dilution assay.