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. 2022 Feb 8;10(2):395. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10020395

Table 1.

Potential biomarkers to evaluate intestinal health.

Measurement/Function Biomarker Type
Antioxidant activity Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Total antioxidant capacity
Gene expression of host protein
biomarkers and tight junction
Fatty acid binding protein (FABP), Fibronectin, Occludin, Zonula
occludens, Claudins
Immune activity Acute phase proteins, Calprotectin, Lipocalin, Immunoglobulins (IgA), Interferon gamma (INF-γ)
Intestinal permeability Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d), Trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), Bacterial translocation
Enterocyte function Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Citrulline

Adapted from Chen et al. [54] and Baxter et al. [59].