Table 1.

Potential biomarkers to evaluate intestinal health.

Measurement/Function	Biomarker Type
Antioxidant activity	Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Total antioxidant capacity
Gene expression of host protein biomarkers and tight junction	Fatty acid binding protein (FABP), Fibronectin, Occludin, Zonula occludens, Claudins
Immune activity	Acute phase proteins, Calprotectin, Lipocalin, Immunoglobulins (IgA), Interferon gamma (INF-γ)
Intestinal permeability	Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d), Trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), Bacterial translocation
Enterocyte function	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Citrulline

Adapted from Chen et al. [54] and Baxter et al. [59].