Table 2.

Main functional groups of the algal extract and copper oxide nanoparticles.

Functional Group	Wavenumber (cm−1)	Bond	Extract	CuO NPs
Hydroxyl group	3500–3000	O-H	√	√
Amide group	1670–1600	C=O	√	√
Sulfate	1450–1350	S=O	√	√
Acidic polysaccharide	1120–1000		√	√
Ester sulfate	805–900	C-O-S	√	√
Aromatic ester	1310–1250	C=O	√	X