Table 3.
Effect of supplementation on fatigue in four groups.
| Variables (Unit) | Time | NMN_AM A | NMN_PM B | Placebo_AM C | Placebo_PM D | Main Effect of Group p-Value |
Main Effect of Time p-Value |
Interaction p-Value (Groups × Times) |
Post Hoc Analysis with Bonferroni Correction |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | ||||||
| Drowsiness (point) | Pre | § 9.7 | ± | 3.8 | 10.0 | ± | 3.5 | 8.5 | ± | 2.9 | 9.1 | ± | 3.5 | 0.05 | <0.01 | 0.02 |
B, D: Mid, Post < Pre Mid: D < A |
| Mid | § 10.3 | ± | 3.9 | 8.3 | ± | 2.9 | 8.6 | ± | 2.6 | 7.1 | ± | 2.5 | |||||
| Post | § 9.4 | ± | 3.8 | 7.9 | ± | 2.9 | 7.5 | ± | 2.5 | 7.5 | ± | 2.6 | |||||
| d | 0.08 | 0.64 | 0.37 | 0.50 | |||||||||||||
| Instability (point) | Pre | 8.1 | ± | 3.1 | 8.4 | ± | 3.0 | 8.4 | ± | 2.9 | 8.1 | ± | 3.9 | 0.70 | <0.01 | 0.33 | |
| Mid | 8.5 | ± | 3.4 | 7.3 | ± | 2.9 | 7.2 | ± | 1.8 | 7.0 | ± | 2.8 | |||||
| Post | 7.8 | ± | 2.7 | 7.6 | ± | 2.6 | 7.5 | ± | 2.3 | 6.9 | ± | 2.8 | |||||
| d | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.36 | |||||||||||||
| Uneasiness (point) | Pre | 7.1 | ± | 2.1 | 7.1 | ± | 2.4 | 7.4 | ± | 2.3 | 7.3 | ± | 3.0 | 0.64 | 0.10 | 0.47 | |
| Mid | 7.6 | ± | 2.8 | 6.5 | ± | 1.8 | 7.0 | ± | 2.3 | 6.5 | ± | 2.5 | |||||
| Post | 7.0 | ± | 1.9 | 6.6 | ± | 2.5 | 7.0 | ± | 2.3 | 6.3 | ± | 2.0 | |||||
| d | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.37 | |||||||||||||
| Dullness (point) | Pre | 9.7 | ± | 3.7 | 10.1 | ± | 4.3 | 10.4 | ± | 3.7 | 10.2 | ± | 3.4 | 0.88 | 0.03 | 0.35 | |
| Mid | 10.1 | ± | 3.8 | 9.1 | ± | 4.0 | 9.8 | ± | 2.9 | 8.9 | ± | 3.0 | |||||
| Post | 9.2 | ± | 3.5 | 9.2 | ± | 5.0 | 10.1 | ± | 4.1 | 9.2 | ± | 3.1 | |||||
| d | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.31 | |||||||||||||
| Eyestrain (point) | Pre | 10.4 | ± | 4.6 | 10.1 | ± | 4.9 | 10.0 | ± | 4.3 | 10.1 | ± | 3.9 | 0.86 | 0.27 | 0.58 | |
| Mid | 10.7 | ± | 5.1 | 9.9 | ± | 4.8 | 9.6 | ± | 4.3 | 9.6 | ± | 4.0 | |||||
| Post | 10.0 | ± | 4.7 | 10.4 | ± | 5.2 | 8.9 | ± | 3.5 | 9.5 | ± | 3.6 | |||||
| d | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.15 | |||||||||||||
| Total fatigue score (point) | Pre | § 45.3 | ± | 15.1 | 45.7 | ± | 15.5 | 44.8 | ± | 12.5 | 44.8 | ± | 14.5 | 0.64 | <0.01 | 0.19 | |
| Mid | § 47.3 | ± | 16.3 | 41.1 | ± | 12.6 | 42.3 | ± | 9.6 | 39.0 | ± | 12.5 | |||||
| Post | § 43.5 | ± | 13.0 | 41.8 | ± | 15.7 | 41.0 | ± | 11.6 | 39.5 | ± | 11.2 | |||||
| d | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.41 | |||||||||||||
Note: Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, d: effect size (Cohen’s d), Pre vs. Post (0.2: small, 0.5: medium, 0.8: large), §: 26 participants. Higher points of all variables mean worse fatigue. A: NMN_AM, B: NMN_PM, C: Placebo_AM, D: Placebo_PM.