Table 4.
Effect of supplementation on physical performances in four groups.
| Variables (Unit) | Time | NMN_AM A | NMN_PM B | Placebo_AM C | Placebo_PM D | Main Effect of Group p-Value |
Main Effect of Time p-Value |
Interaction p-Value (Groups × Times) |
Post Hoc Analysis with Bonferroni Correction |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | Mean | ± | SD | ||||||
| Grip strength (kg) |
Pre | § 27.9 | ± | 6.4 | 26.9 | ± | 8.1 | 27.4 | ± | 6.0 | 26.6 | ± | 6.5 | 0.84 | 0.09 | 0.78 | |
| Post | § 28.6 | ± | 7.0 | 27.2 | ± | 6.8 | 27.5 | ± | 6.4 | 26.8 | ± | 6.3 | |||||
| d | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||||||||||||
|
† 5-times sit to stand (s) |
Pre | § 5.5 | ± | 1.1 | 6.3 | ± | 1.4 | 5.6 | ± | 0.8 | 6.4 | ± | 1.7 | 0.05 | <0.01 | 0.04 | A, B, C, D: Post < Pre |
| Post | § 5.1 | ± | 0.7 | 5.3 | ± | 1.1 | 5.3 | ± | 1.0 | 5.9 | ± | 1.7 | |||||
| d | 0.40 | 0.72 | 0.41 | 0.30 | |||||||||||||
|
† Timed up and go (s) |
Pre | 5.4 | ± | 0.8 | 5.5 | ± | 0.6 | 5.2 | ± | 0.6 | 5.6 | ± | 1.3 | 0.30 | <0.01 | 0.36 | |
| Post | 5.2 | ± | 0.8 | 5.2 | ± | 0.6 | 5.0 | ± | 0.4 | 5.4 | ± | 1.2 | |||||
| d | 0.22 | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.20 | |||||||||||||
|
† 5-m habitual walk (s) |
Pre | 3.3 | ± | 0.5 | 3.3 | ± | 0.6 | 3.2 | ± | 0.4 | 3.4 | ± | 0.7 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.26 | |
| Post | 3.4 | ± | 0.5 | 3.4 | ± | 0.6 | 3.2 | ± | 0.4 | 3.4 | ± | 0.7 | |||||
| d | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |||||||||||||
Note: Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, d: effect size (Cohen’s d), Pre vs. Post (0.2: small, 0.5: medium, 0.8: large), §: 26 participants. †: Lower values mean faster performance. A: NMN_AM, B: NMN_PM, C: Placebo_AM, D: Placebo_PM.