Table 1.
The effect of herbal medicine extracts in cisplatin-induced anorexia.
| Authors/ Years |
Animal Type | Cisplatin Dosing | Herbal Medicine/ Dose |
Findings | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | Food Intake | Kaolin Intake | Body Weight | Mechanisms of Actions | ||||
| Aung et al. 2003 [75] |
Wistar rats | Single 3 mg/kg, i.p. |
Scutellaria baicalensis roots [SbE] (water extract) 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, i.p. |
Cisplatin (n = 7) | ↓ | ↑ | - | - |
| Cisplatin + SbE (n = 6) | ↑ | ↓ | - | - | ||||
| Mehendale et al. 2005 [76] |
Wistar rats | Single 3 mg/kg, i.p. |
American ginseng berries [AGBE] (75% ethanol extract) 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, i.p. |
Cisplatin (n = 6) | ↓ | ↑ | - | - |
| Cisplatin + AGBE (n = 6) | ↑ | ↓ | - | - | ||||
| Cisplatin + Ginsenoside Re (5 mg/kg, i.p.) (n = 6) | - | ↓ | - | - | ||||
| Takeda et al. 2008 [45] |
SD rats |
Single 2 mg/kg, i.p. |
Rikkunshito [RKT]; Atractylodis Lanceae Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix, Pinelliae Tuber, Hoelen, Zizyphi Fructus, Aurantii Nobilis Pericarpium, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Zingiberis Rhizoma). (water extract) 500, 1000 mg/kg, p.o. |
Cisplatin (n = 4–5) | ↓ | - | - | Plasma-acylated ghrelin↓ Plasma-desacylated ghrelin↓ |
| 5-HT (4 & 8 mg/kg, i.p.) (n = 4–5) | - | - | - | Plasma-acylated ghrelin↓ Plasma-desacylated ghrelin↓ |
||||
| Cisplatin + RKT (n = 4–5) | ↑ | - | - | Plasma-acylated ghrelin↑ | ||||
| Cisplatin + RKT + GHS-R1a antagonist (0.4 μmol/rat, i.p.) (n = 4–5) | ↓ | - | - | - | ||||
| Cisplatin + HMF or Hesperetin or Isoliquiritigenin (n = 4–5) |
- | - | - | Plasma-acylated ghrelin↑ | ||||
| HMF, Hesperetin, Isoliquiritigenin (n = 4–5) | - | - | - | 5-HT2B receptor: Ki: 0.21 ± 0.01 & 5.3 ± 0.1 & 3.3 μmol/L |
||||
| Hesperetin, Isoliquiritigenin (n = 4–5) | - | - | - | 5-HT2C receptor: Ki: 20.9 ± 7.1 & 3.5 ± 0.1 μmol/L |
||||
| Yakabi et al. 2010 [46] |
SD rats |
Single 2 mg/kg, i.p. |
[RKT] (water extract) 500, 1000 mg/kg, p.o. |
Cisplatin (n = 4–5) | ↓ | - | - | Hypothalamic GHS-R1a↓ |
| Cisplatin + Ghrelin (2 nmol/rat, I.C.V.) (n = 4–5) |
↓ | - | - | - | ||||
| 5-HT2C receptor agonist (9 mg/kg, i.p.) (n = 4–5) | ↓ | - | - | - | ||||
| 5-HT2C receptor agonist + RKT (n = 4–5) |
↑ | - | - | - | ||||
| Cisplatin + RKT (n = 4–5) | ↑ | - | - | Hypothalamic GHS-R1a↑ Effect abolished by GHS-R1a antagonist (1nmol/rat, I.C.V.) |
||||
| Cisplatin + Hesperidin or Isoliquiritigenin (n = 4–5) | ↑ | - | - | Effect abolished by GHS-R1a antagonist (1 nmol/rat, I.C.V.) |
||||
| Raghavendran et al. 2011 [77] |
SD rats |
Single Pre—7 mg/kg Post—6 mg/kg, i.p. |
Korean ginseng roots [KG; the root of Panax ginseng CA Meyer] (water extract) Pre—25, 50, 100 mg/kg Post—12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg p.o. |
Cisplatin (n = 8) | ↓ | ↑ | - | Total WBC↑ Neutrophil↑ Lymphocyte↑ Stomach injury↑ Small intestine injury↑ |
| Cisplatin + KG (pre-treatment) (n = 8) | ↑ | ↓ | - | Total WBC↓ Neutrophil↓ Lymphocyte↓ Stomach injury↓ Small intestine injury↓ |
||||
| Cisplatin + KG (post-treatment) (n = 8) | ↑ | ↓ | - | - | ||||
| Woo et al. 2016 [43] |
Balb/c mice |
Single 8 mg/kg, i.p. |
Sip-jeon-dea-bo-tang [SJDBT; Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Cinnamomi Cortex, Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix, Ginseng Radix, Poria Sclerotium, Rehmannia Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma] (water extract) 678.4 mg/kg, p.o. |
Cisplatin (n = 6) | ↓ | - | ↓ | Leptin↓ IL-6↓ |
| Cisplatin + SJDBT (Single) (n = 6) | ↑ | - | - | Leptin↑ IL-6↑ JAK1/STAT3↑ | ||||
| Cisplatin + SJDBT (multiple) (n = 6) | ↑ | - | ↑ | Leptin↑ IL-6↑ | ||||
| Kim et al. 2017 [47] |
SD rats |
Single 6 mg/kg, i.p. |
Rhus verniciflua Stoke [RVX] (water extract) 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, p.o. |
Cisplatin (n = 6) | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | 5-HT↑ 5-HT3A receptor↑ SERT↓ TNF-α↑ IL-6↑ IL-1β↑ WBC↓ Lymphocyte↓ Bone-marrow tissue injury↑ Thymus weight↓ Spleen weight↓ |
| Cisplatin + RVX (n = 6) | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | 5-HT↓ 5-HT3A receptor↓ SERT↑ TNF-α↓ IL-6↓ IL-1β↓ WBC↑ Lymphocyte↑ Bone-marrow tissue injury↓ Thymus weight↑ Spleen weights↑ |
||||
| Woo et al. 2017 [44] |
Balb/c mice |
Single 8 mg/kg, i.p. |
LCBP-Anocure [LA; Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba (AJ), Angelicae Gigantis Radix (AG), Astragali Radix (AM), Lonicerae Flos (LJ), Taraxaci Herba (TP), Prunellae Spica (PV)]-16001, 16002, 16003 (water extract) 1000 mg/kg, p.o. |
Cisplatin (n = 4) | ↓ | - | ↓ | Active ghrelin↓ Leptin↓ IL-6↓ p-JAK1↓p-STAT3↓ WBC↓ Neutrophil↓ |
| Cisplatin + LA16001 (n = 4) | ↑ | - | ↑ | Active ghrelin↑ Leptin↑ IL-6↑ p-JAK1↑ p-STAT3↑ WBC↑ Neutrophil↑ |
||||
| Cisplatin + LA16002 or LA16003 or SJDBT or AJ or AG or LJ or PV (n = 4) | ↑ | - | - | - | ||||
| Cisplatin + MGA (100 mg/kg, p.o.) or AM or TP (n = 4) | ↑ | - | ↑ | - | ||||
| Song et al. 2017 [48] |
Wistar rats |
Single 5 mg/kg, i.p. |
He-Wei granules [HWKL; Pinelliae Tuber, Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Jujubae Fructus] (water extract) 1.18 (low), 2.36 (middle), 4.725 (high) mg/kg, i.g. |
Cisplatin (n = 12) | ↓ | ↑ | ↓ | 5-HIAA↓ SP↑ 5-HT↑ 5-HIAA/5-HT↓ SERT↓ MAO-A↓ 5-HT3AR↑ PPTA↑ TPH-1↑ TPH-2↑ NK-1R↑ TPH-1↑ OB↑ GH↓ GH/OB↓ GPR39↑ EGFR↓ pERK1/2↓ GSH-PX↓ Stomach injury↑ SOD↓ MDA↑ Ileum injury↑ |
| Cisplatin + HWKL (n = 12) | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | 5-HIAA↑ SP↓ 5-HT↓ 5-HIAA/5-HT↑ SERT↑ MAO-A↑ 5-HT3AR↓ PPTA↓ TPH-1↓ TPH-2↓ NK-1R↓ TPH-1↓ OB↓ GH↑ GH/OB↑ GPR39↓ EGFR↑ pERK1/2↑ GSH-PX↑ Stomach injury↓ SOD↑ MDA↓ Ileum injury↓ |
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| Kim et al. 2019 [78] |
C57BL/6 mice | Multiple (3 times— D1, 6, and 11) 5 mg/kg, i.p. |
HemoHIM [Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Angelica Gigas Nakai, Astragali Radix] (water extract) 100, 250, 500 mg/kg, p.o. |
Cisplatin (n = 7) | - | - | ↓ | NK cell activity↓ Macrophage phagocytotic activity↓CD4+ T lymphocytes↓ Splenocytes↓ IL-2↓ IFN-γ↓ |
| Cisplatin + HemoHIM (n = 7) | - | - | ↑ | NK cell activity↑ Macrophage phagocytotic activity↑CD4+ T lymphocytes↑ Splenocytes↑ IL-2↑ IFN-γ↑ |
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| Chen et al. 2019 [79] |
C57BL/6 mice | Multiple (9 times— 3 days/week) 5 mg/kg, i.p. |
Zhen-Qi Sijunzi [ZQ-SJZ; Ginseng Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Poria Sclerotium, Glycyrrhizae Preparata, Hedysari Radix, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi] (water extract) 700 mg/kg, p.o. |
Cisplatin (n = 18) | ↓ | - | ↓ | Intestinal mucosal damage↑ |
| Cisplatin + ZQ-SJZ (n = 18) | ↑ | - | ↑ | Intestinal mucosal damage↓ | ||||
| Goswami et al. 2019 [80] |
C57BL/6 mice | Multiple (D0 and 4) 8 mg/kg, i.p. |
Ninjin-yoeito [NYT; Angelicae Acutilobae Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Rehmanniae Radix, Poriae Cutis, Ginseng Radix, Citri Unshius Pericarpium Immaturus, Polygalae Radix, Paeoniae Radix, Astragali Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma] (water extract) 1 g/kg, p.o. |
Cisplatin (n = 6) | ↓ | - | ↓ | - |
| Cisplatin + NYT (n = 6) | ↑ | - | ↑ | IR-positive NPY neurons [Ca2+]i ↑ Ghrelin-responsive and unresponsive NPY neurons [Ca2+]i ↑ |
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Abbreviations: 5-HIAA, 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid; 5-HT, 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin); EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; GH, ghrelin; GHS-R1a, growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a; GPR39, G-protein-coupled receptor 39; GSH-PX, glutathione peroxidase; HMF, 3,3′,4′,5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone; IL, interleukin; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IR, immunoreactive; Ki, inhibition constant; MAO-A, monoamine oxidase A; MDA, malonaldehyde; NK cell, natural killer cell; NPY, neuropeptide Y; OB, obestatin; RKT, Rikkunshito; RVX, Rhus verniciflua stoke; SbE, Scutellaria baicalensis extract; SERT, serotonin reuptake transporter; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TPH, tryptophan hydroxylase; WBC, white blood cells.