Table 2.

Lipid extracts of algae with anti-inflammatory activity tested in chemico, in vitro and in vivo with a potential application on skin diseases. Abbreviation: COX-2—cyclooxygenase-2, DGDG—digalactosyldiacylglycerol, DGLA—dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, DGTS—diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine, DNFB—2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, IL-6—interleukin-6, MGDG—monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, MGMG—monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol, MGTS—monoacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine, MMHDA—methoxylated fatty acids, NF-κB—nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NO—nitric oxide, PBMC—peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PC- phosphatidylcholine, PG—phosphatidylglycerol, PGE2—prostaglandin E2, PLA2—phospholipase A2, SQDG—sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, TLR—Toll-like receptor, TNBS—2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor-α, TPA—12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

Studies	Action	Model	Identified Lipids	Algae Species	Ref.
In chemico	COX-2 inhibition	COX-2 kit assay	Polar lipids	Macroalgae: Codium tomentosum, Fucus vesiculosus Gracilaria gracilis, Palmaria palmata, Porphyra dioica, Ulva rigida, Microalgae: Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum amblystomatis, Gloeothece sp., Skeletonema sp., Tetraselmis sp. mutants	[69,92,93,94,95]
In vitro	NO inhibition	Raw 264.7	Polar and non-polar lipids; PC, PG, DGDG, DGTS, MGDG, MGMG, SQDG classes; Free and ethyl esterified DGLA	Macroalgae: Chondrus crispus, Lobophora sp.Palmaria palmata, Microalgae: Chlorella sorokiniana Lobosphaera incisa, Nannochloropsis granulata, Tetraselmis chui,	[96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103]
	Decrease in PGE2 Downregulation of COX-2	Raw 264.7; White blood cells; Epidermal cells	Crude ethanolic extracts; lipid extracts rich in PC; free and ethyl esterified DGLA	Macroalgae: Laminaria ochroleuca Microalgae: Chlorella vulgaris, Chloromonas reticulata, Lobosphaera incisa Micractinium sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum,	[101,104,105,106,107,119]
	Downregulation of mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines Downregulation of cytokines levels: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α, and IL-1β	THP-1; PBMC; Epidermal cells; HaCaT cells	Crude ethanolic extracts; lipid extracts; lipid extracts rich in MGDG, DGDG and SQDG; Lipid extracts rich in PC; LPC(16:0); oxylipins; ergosterol and 7-dehydroporiferasterol; free and ethyl esterified DGLA	Macroalgae: Chondrus crispus, Laminaria ochroleuca, Palmaria palmata, Porphyra dioica, Prasiola japonica Microalgae: Aurantiochytrium mangrovei, Chlamydomonas debaryana, Chlorella vulgaris, Chloromonas reticulata, Cylindrotheca closterium, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Micratinium sp., Nannochloropsis gaditana, Nitzschia palea, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Lobosphaera incisa Spirulina maxima, Pavlova lutheri, Tetraselmis suecica,	[84,101,104,105,106,107,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,118,119,121,122]
	Inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways mediated by TLR and NF-κB	THP-1	Lipid extracts rich in MGDG, DGDG, and SQDG	Macroalgae: Chondrus crispus, Palmaria palmata, Porphyra dioica Microalgae: Pavlova lutheri	[110]
In vivo	Attenuation of ear oedema	PLA2 kit assay; Mice with ear oedema; DNFB-induced in naive C57BL/6 mice	MMHDA; Lipid extracts rich in PC; MGDG, DGDG, and SQDG fractions	Macroalgae: Ishige okamurae, Laminaria ochroleuca Microalgae: ETS-05 cyanobacterium.	[119,123,127]
	Neutrophil gathering in the wound region	Wounded zebrafish model	Glycolipids rich in γ-linolenic acid	Microlagae: Spirulina platensis	[124]
	Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines production: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IFN- γ, IL-1β, IL-17	db/db and CD1 mice model of diabetes mellitus; TNBS-induced colitis rats; BALB/c mice skin; TPA-induced hyperplasia murine model	Crude ethanolic extract; omega-3 fatty acids; oxylipins; MGDG cream	Macroalgae: Sargassum cristaefolium Microalgae: Chlamydomonas debaryana, Isochrysis galbana	[125,126,128,129]
	Downregulation of iNOS and COX-2, and decrease in NO and PGE2 production	TNBS-induced colitis rat; BALB/c mice skin; TPA-induced hyperplasia murine model	Crude ethanolic extract; oxylipins; MGDG cream	Macroalgae: Sargassum cristaefolium Microalgae: Chlamydomonas debaryana, Isochrysis galbana	[126,128,129]