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. 2022 Feb 21;19(4):2463. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19042463

Table 3.

Zar’s statistic z. The p-value of z is P(N(0,1)>z) if z>0, or P(N(0,1)<z) if z<0.

Race γ1 z p-Value of z
Tokyo 2021 −0.31 −0.92 18%
Berlin 2014 −0.47 −1.36 9%
Berlin 2019 −0.55 −1.50 7%
Berlin 2018 −0.82 −2.25 1%
Vienna 2019 −2.32 −4.79 <106%
Monza 2017 0.56 2.07 2%