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. 2022 Feb 15;14(4):813. doi: 10.3390/nu14040813

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Possible interactions between exercise training, gut health, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Regular exercise can increase the number of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and SCFA concentrations in the gut and blood. Some microbes may convert lactate released during exercise into propionate. SCFAs may improve inflammatory status as well as insulin sensitivity and glycemic control via G protein-coupled receptor 43 and its downstream pathways. Exercise training can also improve the gut barrier function, leading to reduced endotoxemia. GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, SCFA short-chain fatty acid, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, Treg regulatory T cells. Graphical sources: https://de.freepik.com/vektoren-kostenlos/satz-von-acht-flachen-runden-kompositionen-zur-gewichtsreduktion-mit-menschen-die-essen-essen-und-fitnessuebungen-machen_21744750.htm#query=Dicker%20mensch&position=5&from_view=search, https://pixabay.com/de/, https://smart.servier.com/smart_image/intestinal-villi/, https://smart.servier.com/smart_image/bacterium-2 (last access to all four websites: 2 July 2021).