Figure 5.

Antiviral activity of Levistolide A against PEDV is associated with inducing ROS production. (A) The level of ROS in Vero cells or LLC-PK1 cells after incubation with LA (80 µM) for 24 h. The value of each group was normalized by the average value (set at 1) of the corresponding DMSO treated group. (B) Viral titer level in LA/NAC, LA, NAC, or DMSO treated group after exposing to PEDV for 36 h. Viral titer level was represented by value of $-$lg TCID50/0.1 mL. (C) Immunofluorescence of PEDV-S protein (green) detected in LA/NAC, LA, NAC, or DMSO treated group after exposing to PEDV for 36 h. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments, and error bars represent standard deviation. Asterisks indicate significant differences between virus control group and each LA treated group: * p $<$ 0.05; ** p $<$ 0.01; *** p $<$ 0.001; **** p ≤ 0.0001; ns, not significant.