Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics in patients with and without wound infection following snakebite.
| Total Population | Wound Infection | Without Wound Infection | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nb | Result | Nb | Result | Nb | Result | ||
| Age (years) | 172 | 41 (28–52) | 55 | 46 (31.7–54.6) | 117 | 40 (25.4–50.8) | 0.340 |
| Gender, male | 172 | 119 (69.2%) | 55 | 39 (70.9%) | 117 | 80 (68.4%) | 0.737 |
| BMI | 119 | 23.8 (21–26.9) | 37 | 23.5 (20.3–26.9) | 82 | 23.8 (21.3–26.9) | 0.462 |
| Medical history | 172 | 42 (24.4%) | 55 | 12 (21.8%) | 117 | 30 (25.6%) | |
| Arterial hypertension | 172 | 13 (8%) | 55 | 2 (3.6%) | 117 | 11 (9.4%) | 0.182 |
| Alcohol abuse | 172 | 6 (3%) | 55 | 1 (1.8%) | 117 | 5 (4.3%) | 0.413 |
| Snake bite (SB) | |||||||
| Time from SB to hospital (hh:mm) | 171 | 9:00 (2:02–21:00) | 55 | 12:00 (3:30–22:58) | 116 | 7:07 (1:43–19:03) | 0.064 |
| Identification of the snake | 172 | 78 (45.3%) | 55 | 21 (38.2%) | 117 | 57 (48.7%) | 0.195 |
| Anatomic site of the bite | |||||||
| Upper limb | 172 | 34 (19.8%) | 55 | 10 (18.2%) | 117 | 24 (20.5%) | 0.328 |
| Lower limb | 172 | 137 (79.7%) | 55 | 44 (80%) | 117 | 93 (79.5%) | |
| Head | 172 | 1 (0.6%) | 55 | - | 117 | 1 (0.8%) | - |
| Grade of envenoming | |||||||
| Grade 1 | 172 | 74 (43%) | 55 | 14 (25.5%) | 117 | 60 (51.3%) | Reference |
| Grade 2 | 172 | 60 (34.9%) | 55 | 21 (38.2%) | 117 | 39 (33.3%) | 0.035 |
| Grade 3 | 172 | 38 (22.1%) | 55 | 20 (36.4%) | 117 | 18 (15.4%) | <0.001 |
| Clinical presentation at admission | |||||||
| Edema | 172 | 165 (95.9%) | 55 | 55 (100%) | 117 | 110 (94%) | 0.064 |
| Local hemorrhage | 172 | 22 (12.8%) | 55 | 8 (14.5%) | 117 | 14 (12%) | 0.637 |
| Necrosis | 172 | 21 (12.2%) | 55 | 17 (30.9%) | 117 | 4 (3.4%) | <0.001 |
| Blisters | 172 | 22 (12.8%) | 55 | 14 (25.5%) | 117 | 8 (6.8%) | 0.001 |
| Pain | 171 | 165 (96.5%) | 54 | 53 (98.1%) | 117 | 112 (95.7%) | 0.424 |
| Temperature (°C) | 165 | 36.9 (36.5–37.3) | 49 | 37 (36.6–37.4) | 116 | 36.9 (36.5–37.3) | 0.045 |
| Shock | 172 | 2 (1.2%) | 55 | 1 (1.8%) | 117 | 1 (0.9%) | 0.583 |
| Acute renal injury | 172 | 28 (16.3%) | 55 | 12 (21.8%) | 117 | 16 (13.7%) | 0.177 |
| Time to normal renal function (days) | 28 | 5 (28–10) | 12 | 4 (2–23) | 16 | 6 (2–10) | 0.958 |
| Systemic hemorrhage (SH) | 172 | 24 (14%) | 55 | 7 (12.7%) | 117 | 17 (14.5%) | 0.750 |
| Time from SB to SH (hours) | 24 | 5 (0–24) | 7 | 4 (1–8) | 17 | 7 (0–24) | 0.125 |
| Biological parameters at admission | |||||||
| Fibrinolysis | 172 | 151 (87.8%) | 55 | 45 (81.8%) | 117 | 106 (90.6%) | 0.101 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 172 | 49 (28.5%) | 55 | 25 (45.5%) | 117 | 24 (20.5%) | 0.001 |
| Hemolysis | 172 | 38 (22.1%) | 55 | 15 (27.3%) | 117 | 23 (19.7%) | 0.262 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 172 | 54 (31.4%) | 55 | 26 (47.3%) | 117 | 28 (23.9%) | 0.002 |
| White blood count (/mm3) | 167 | 10.4 (8.3–13.6) | 53 | 12 (9.4–14.6) | 114 | 10.2 (8–13.2) | 0.016 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 153 | 8.7 (2.8–32.2) | 46 | 27.6 (5.6–83.2) | 107 | 6.4 (2.7–19.6) | 0.002 |
| Procalcitonin (µmol/L) | 10 | 0.1 (0–0.5) | 0 | - | 10 | 0.1 (0–0.5) | - |
Nb: number of patients for whom the data were recorded, SB: snakebite, BMI: body mass index, SH: systemic hemorrhage.