Figure 7.

Analysis of the anti-inflammatory potential of sulforaphane (SFN)-loaded broccoli membrane (BM)-vesicles in the HL-60 macrophage cell model. The levels of TNF-α (A,B), IL-1β (C,D) and IL-6 (E,F) secreted by HL-60 cells in response to unloaded BM-vesicles, free SFN and SFN-loaded BM-vesicles were measured in the basal state (A,C,E) and under pro-inflammatory conditions induced by the LPS treatment (B,D,F). Data were normalized relative to the control at the basal level (valued as 100%). Asterisks indicate significant differences between treatments and their reference control according to Student’s t-test (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). Values represent mean ± SE (n = 3).