AA	ascorbic acid
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
βGP	β-glycerol phosphate
CT	computed tomography
FBS	fetal bovine serum
GAPDH	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GPCRs	G protein-coupled receptors
Hh	hedgehog
KO	knockout
MEMα	minimum essential medium, alpha modification
MSC	mesenchymal stem cell
OC	osteocalcin
Ptch1	patched 1
PTHR	parathyroid hormone receptor
Runx2	Runt-related transcription factor 2