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. 2022 Jan 27;20(2):105. doi: 10.3390/md20020105

Table 1.

Conopeptides gene superfamilies, cysteine framework and their pharmacological families [3,28,29].

Conotoxin Family Definition Gene Superfamily Cysteine Framework
α (ALPHA) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) A, B3, D, J, L, M, S I, II, III, IV, VIII, XIV, XX, XXV
γ (GAMMA) Neuronal pacemaker cation currents (inward cation current) O1, O2 VI/VII
δ (DELTA) Voltage-gated Na Channel (agonist, delay inactivation) O1 VI/VII
ε (EPISILON) Presynaptic calcium channels or G protein-coupled presynaptic receptor T V
I (IOTA) Voltage-gated Na Channel (agonist, no delayed inactivation) I1, M III, XI
κ (KAPPA) Voltage-gated K Channel (blocker) A, I2, J, M, O1 III, IV, VI/VII, XI, XIV
μ (MU) Voltage-gated Na Channel (antagonist, blocker) M, O1,T III, IV, V, VI, VII
ρ (RHO) Alpha 1 adrenoreceptor (GPCR) A I
σ (SIGMA) Serotonin-gated ion channels (GPCR) S VIII
τ (TAU) Somatostatin receptor T V
χ (CHI) Neuronal noradrenaline transporter T X
ω (OMEGA) Voltage-gated calcium channel O1, O2 VI/VII, XVI, XXVI