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. 2022 Feb 16;14(4):823. doi: 10.3390/nu14040823

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overall metabolic effects of diet, nutrients, timing of eating occasions, speed of eating, physical activity, and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Abbreviations: Glu: glucose; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1; CHO: carbohydrates; IL: interleukin; PYY: peptide YY; GLUT: glucose transporter; ppd: postprandial; BW: body weight; Ins: insulin; HOMA: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; chol: cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. An arrow pointing upwards or downwards indicates an increase or decrease.