Table 3.
Modulatory Mechanisms of the Neuroprotective Phytochemicals used to Treat MS Based on in-silico Predictions and in-vitro and in-vivo Reported Studies.
| Compound Names | Compound Natural Sources | In-Silico Anti-inflammatory Prediction | Modulatory Mechanism of Microglia Polarization | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pa | Pi | In-Vitro | In-Vivo | ||
| Cannabidiol | Cannabis sativa | 0.427 | 0.082 | - | Reduction of TNF- α, IFN-γ and IL-17 [148] |
| Dimethyl fumarate | Fumaria officinalis | 0.469 | 0.066 | Upregulation of gene expression for IGF-1 and MRC1 [149] Activation of Nrf2 and modulation of NF-κB pathways, leading to reduction of TNF- α and IL-12 productions [141] |
- |
| 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione | Cruciferous plants | 0.945 | 0.004 | Suppression of IFN-γ and IL-17 [150] | - |
| Baicalin | Scutellaria baicalensis | 0.674 | 0.019 | - | Reduction of IFN-γ, and elevation of IL-4 [151] Inhibition of STAT/NF-κB pathways [152] |
| Matrine | Radix sophorae flavescentis | NA | NA | - | Reduction of caspase-3, HSPB5 (alpha B-crystallin), and IL-1β [153] |
| Oleanolic Acid | Olea europea, Aralia chinensis, and Rosa woodsia | 0.819 | 0.005 | Suppression of TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS [154] | Attenuation of TNF-α [154] Reduction of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and elevation of IL-10 [155] |
| Astragaloside IV | Astragalus membranceus | 0.774 | 0.009 | - | Downregulation of iNOS, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 [156] |
| Glycyrrhizin | 0.849 | 0.005 | - | Reduction of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-6 and TGF-β1 and elevation of IL-4 [146] | |
| 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid | Glycyrrhiza glabra | 0.863 | 0.005 | - | Suppression of MAPK signal pathway [144] Reduction of TNF- α and IL-1β [157] |
| Carnosol | Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia pachyphylla | 0.594 | 0.033 | Reduction of NO and TNF-α levels [143] | Reduction of iNOS and elevation of ARG-1 [158] |
| Tanshinone IIA | Salvia miltiorrhiza | 0.432 | 0.080 | - | Downregulation of IL-17 and IL-23 [159] |
NA: not applicable.