Skip to main content
. 2022 Feb 18;11(4):549. doi: 10.3390/plants11040549

Table 7.

The Toxicity Profiles of the Neuroprotective Phytochemicals Used for AD, PD, and MS Treatments using ProTox-II online Tool.

Compound Names Predicted Toxicity Class Predicted LD50 [mg/kg] Organ toxicity/ Toxicity endpoints Probability
Curcumin 4 2000 Hepatotoxicity 0.61
Carcinogenicity 0.84
Mutagenicity 0.88
Immunotoxicity 0.92
Aromatic-turmerone 4 2000 Hepatotoxicity 0.59
Carcinogenicity 0.64
Mutagenicity 0.93
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Resveratrol 4 1560 Hepatotoxicity 0.74
Carcinogenicity 0.71
Mutagenicity 0.92
Immunotoxicity 0.86
Pterostilbene 4 1560 Hepatotoxicity 0.67
Carcinogenicity 0.61
Mutagenicity 0.81
Immunotoxicity 0.65
Sulforaphane 4 1000 Hepatotoxicity 0.69
Carcinogenicity 0.62
Mutagenicity 0.63
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate 4 1000 Hepatotoxicity 0.70
Carcinogenicity 0.54
Mutagenicity 0.70
Immunotoxicity 0.89
Andrographolide 4 1890 Hepatotoxicity 0.93
Carcinogenicity 0.83
Mutagenicity 0.71
Immunotoxicity 0.82
Paeoniflorin 5 4000 Hepatotoxicity 0.90
Carcinogenicity 0.85
Mutagenicity 0.61
Immunotoxicity 0.86
β-caryophyllene 5 5300 Hepatotoxicity 0.80
Carcinogenicity 0.70
Mutagenicity 0.95
Immunotoxicity 0.54
Oridonin 3 120 Hepatotoxicity 0.86
Carcinogenicity 0.69
Mutagenicity 0.56
Immunotoxicity 0.98
Dihydromyricetin 4 2000 Hepatotoxicity 0.69
Carcinogenicity 0.68
Mutagenicity 0.51
Immunotoxicity 0.59
4-O-methylhonokiol 4 1649 Hepatotoxicity 0.71
Carcinogenicity 0.64
Mutagenicity 0.89
Immunotoxicity 0.50
Silibinin 4 2000 Hepatotoxicity 0.78
Carcinogenicity 0.72
Mutagenicity 0.69
Immunotoxicity 0.97
Hesperidin 6 12,000 Hepatotoxicity 0.81
Carcinogenicity 0.93
Mutagenicity 0.90
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Triptolide 1 4 Hepatotoxicity 0.88
Carcinogenicity 0.58
Mutagenicity 0.75
Immunotoxicity 0.97
Eriodictyol 4 2000 Hepatotoxicity 0.67
Carcinogenicity 0.57
Mutagenicity 0.59
Immunotoxicity 0.71
Xanthoceraside 4 590 Hepatotoxicity 0.94
Carcinogenicity 0.68
Mutagenicity 0.92
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Piperlongumine 4 1180 Hepatotoxicity 0.79
Carcinogenicity 0.52
Mutagenicity 0.69
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Esculentoside A 5 4000 Hepatotoxicity 0.95
Carcinogenicity 0.73
Mutagenicity 0.96
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Quercetin 3 159 Hepatotoxicity 0.69
Carcinogenicity 0.68
Mutagenicity 0.51
Immunotoxicity 0.87
Apigenin 5 2500 Hepatotoxicity 0.86
Carcinogenicity 0.62
Mutagenicity 0.57
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Capsaicin 2 47 Hepatotoxicity 0.88
Carcinogenicity 0.71
Mutagenicity 0.51
Immunotoxicity 0.86
α-asarone 4 418 Hepatotoxicity 0.63
Carcinogenicity 0.56
Mutagenicity 0.92
Immunotoxicity 0.67
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Galangin 5 3919 Hepatotoxicity 0.68
Carcinogenicity 0.72
Mutagenicity 0.52
Immunotoxicity 0.97
Biochanin A 5 2500 Hepatotoxicity 0.73
Carcinogenicity 0.65
Mutagenicity 0.94
Immunotoxicity 0.75
Baicalein 5 3919 Hepatotoxicity 0.69
Carcinogenicity 0.68
Mutagenicity 0.51
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Apocynin 6 9000 Hepatotoxicity 0.52
Carcinogenicity 0.57
Mutagenicity 0.99
Immunotoxicity 0.78
α-Mangostin 4 1500 Hepatotoxicity 0.70
Carcinogenicity 0.69
Mutagenicity 0.53
Immunotoxicity 0.84
Myricetin 3 159 Hepatotoxicity 0.69
Carcinogenicity 0.68
Mutagenicity 0.51
Immunotoxicity 0.86
Myricitrin 5 5000 Hepatotoxicity 0.73
Carcinogenicity 0.50
Mutagenicity 0.71
Immunotoxicity 0.98
Icariin 5 5000 Hepatotoxicity 0.74
Carcinogenicity 0.83
Mutagenicity 0.70
Immunotoxicity 0.98
Nobiletin 5 5000 Hepatotoxicity 0.69
Carcinogenicity 0.53
Mutagenicity 0.69
Immunotoxicity 0.51
Tenuigenin 6 6176 Hepatotoxicity 0.94
Carcinogenicity 0.51
Mutagenicity 0.86
Immunotoxicity 0.86
Tanshinone I 4 1655 Hepatotoxicity 0.63
Carcinogenicity 0.51
Mutagenicity 0.55
Immunotoxicity 0.66
Salvianolic acid B 2 25 Hepatotoxicity 0.64
Carcinogenicity 0.60
Mutagenicity 0.55
Immunotoxicity 0.97
Licochalcone E 4 1000 Hepatotoxicity 0.51
Carcinogenicity 0.67
Mutagenicity 0.68
Immunotoxicity 0.92
Licochalcone A 4 1000 Hepatotoxicity 0.62
Carcinogenicity 0.60
Mutagenicity 0.79
Immunotoxicity 0.76
Isobavachalcone 4 1000 Hepatotoxicity 0.64
Carcinogenicity 0.72
Mutagenicity 0.76
Immunotoxicity 0.97
Macelignan 5 2260 Hepatotoxicity 0.75
Carcinogenicity 0.50
Mutagenicity 0.51
Immunotoxicity 0.97
Ginsenoside Rg1 5 4000 Hepatotoxicity 0.94
Carcinogenicity 0.74
Mutagenicity 0.91
Immunotoxicity 0.88
Tripchlorolide 1 4 Hepatotoxicity 0.88
Carcinogenicity 0.60
Mutagenicity 0.75
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Triptolide 1 4 Hepatotoxicity 0.88
Carcinogenicity 0.58
Mutagenicity 0.75
Immunotoxicity 0.97
Naringin 5 2300 Hepatotoxicity 0.81
Carcinogenicity 0.90
Mutagenicity 0.73
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Cannabidiol 4 500 Hepatotoxicity 0.79
Carcinogenicity 0.66
Mutagenicity 0.85
Immunotoxicity 0.93
Dimethyl fumarate 3 62 Hepatotoxicity 0.80
Carcinogenicity 0.74
Mutagenicity 0.71
Immunotoxicity 0.99
3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione 4 1480 Hepatotoxicity 0.68
Carcinogenicity 0.50
Mutagenicity 0.81
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Baicalin 5 3919 Hepatotoxicity 0.69
Carcinogenicity 0.68
Mutagenicity 0.51
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Matrine 3 243 Hepatotoxicity 0.92
Carcinogenicity 0.68
Mutagenicity 0.77
Immunotoxicity 0.96
Oleanolic Acid 4 2000 Hepatotoxicity 0.52
Carcinogenicity 0.57
Mutagenicity 0.85
Immunotoxicity 0.79
Astragaloside IV 6 23,000 Hepatotoxicity 0.92
Carcinogenicity 0.74
Mutagenicity 0.67
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Glycyrrhizin 4 1750 Hepatotoxicity 0.88
Carcinogenicity 0.61
Mutagenicity 0.96
Immunotoxicity 0.99
18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid 4 560 Hepatotoxicity 0.69
Carcinogenicity 0.55
Mutagenicity 0.90
Immunotoxicity 0.94
Carnosol 4 1500 Hepatotoxicity 0.76
Carcinogenicity 0.62
Mutagenicity 0.88
Immunotoxicity 0.99
Tanshinone IIA 4 1230 Hepatotoxicity 0.71
Carcinogenicity 0.56
Mutagenicity 0.70
Immunotoxicity 0.80

Class 1 Fatal if swallowed [LD50 ≤ 5], Class 2 Fatal if swallowed [5 < LD50 ≤ 50], Class 3 Toxic if swallowed [50 < LD50 ≤ 300], Class 4 Harmful if swallowed [300 < LD50 ≤ 2000], Class 5 It may be harmful if swallowed [2000 < LD50 ≤ 5000],Class 6 Non-toxic [LD50 > 5000].