Table 1.

Findings from genome-wide association studies. Abbreviations: GAS, group A Streptococcus; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; IGH, immunoglobin heavy chain; GWAS, genome-wide association studies; GWS, genome-wide significance.

Author	Countries Involved	Sample	Platform	Key Findings
Auckland et al., 2020 [93]	Fiji, India, UK	822 cases; 1800 controls	HumanCore- 24 BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) UK Biobank Axiom Array (Affymetrix, USA)	HLA class III PBX2 region rs201026476, chromosome 14 (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.58–2.51, p = 7.45 × 10−9) reached GWS Independent association was maintained in HLA class III region after conditioning and results replicated by validating through UK dataset.
Parks et al., 2017 [101]	Eight Oceanian countries	1006 cases; 1846 controls	Low-density 300 k Illumina HumanCore platform	IGHV4-61 02 rs11846409 on chromosome 14 (1.4× risk) (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.27–1.61, p = 4.1 × 10−9) that reached GWS
Gray et al., 2017 [102]	Northern territory of Australia	398 cases; 865 controls	HumanCore-24 Bead Chip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA)	HLA-DQA1 rs9272622 on chromosome 6 (protective) (OR = 0.90, p = 1.86 × 10−7) did not reach GWS
Machipisa et al., 2021 [103]	8 African countries	2548 cases; 2261 controls Family group -348 participants (118 trio families)	Infinium Human Omni 2.5–8 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA)	GWS association at 11q24.1 (rs1219406); (OR 1.65; 95%CI, 1.48– 1.82; p = 4.36 × 10−8) for black African individuals but not admixed African individuals or other external datasets Replicated rs11846409 IGH locus GWAS [101] in admixed African individuals