Table 2.

Group A Streptococcus vaccines that are in the development pipeline. * Pioneered by University of Tennessee and Dalhousie, Canada; ** Pioneered by Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australia; Pioneered by University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Type of Vaccine	Stage of Development
StreptAvax: 26-valent vaccine	Phase I and II trials demonstrated good safety, tolerance and immunogenicity [114,115]; however further studies stopped for commercial reasons
StreptAnova *: 4 recombinant proteins	The 4 recombinant proteins represent 30 different M-types prevalent in North America and Europe Phase I trial: demonstrated good tolerance and immunogenicity in adults [116].
MJ8VAX **: based on C-terminus of the M protein	Phase I trial: demonstrated that a single intramuscular dose of the vaccine was safe, well tolerated and immunogenic, but anti-J8 IgG concentration decreased after 180 days post immunization [117].
StreptInCor: peptide vaccine containing T and B cell epitopes of the M protein CRR	Good results in models [118].
Multi-component vaccines [110]	3-Combo: SpyCEP, SpyAD, SLO; provides protection in models 5-Combo: ADI, TF, C5a peptidase, SpyCEP and SLO 5-CP: demonstrated protection against intranasal, skin and systemic challenges of GAS Spy-7: showed significant reduction in the dissemination of types M1 and M3 GAS