Table 2.
Candidate COVID-19 mucosal vaccines in clinical trials and development progress.
| Country | Company | Vaccine Name | Technology | Delivery Route | Schedule | Development Progress | NCT Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | Altimmune | AdCOVID™ | Replication-deficient adenovirus 5 (RD-Ad5) | Intranasal | Single or two-dose intranasal | Phase I (randomized) | NCT04679909 |
| Australia | Tetherex Pharmaceuticals Corporation | SC-Ad6-1 | Adenovirus type 6 | Intranasal | Single or multiple doses | Phase I | NCT04839042 |
| USA–India | University of Wisconsin–Madison, FluGen and Bharat Biotech | BBV154 (CoroFlu™) | M2-deficient, single replication (M2SR) influenza virus vector | Intranasal | Two doses | Phase I (randomized) | NCT04751682 |
| USA | ImmunityBio, Inc. | hAd5-S-Fusion + N-ETSD | Full-length S and N + enhanced T-cell stimulation domain (ETSD) | Subcutaneous, sublingual, and oral (capsule) | Single dose | Phase I/II (randomized) |
NCT04732468 NCT04845191 NCT04591717 [101] |
| Vaxart Inc. | VXA-CoV2-1 | Non-replicating Ad5 encoding Spike [102] | Oral tablet | One or two doses | Phase II (randomized) |
NCT04563702 NCT05067933 |
|
| China | Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China | Ad5-nCoV | Ad5-nCoV | I.m. prime, intranasal boost | Two doses | Phase I (randomized) | NCT04552366 [103] |
| Mexico | Laboratorio Avi-Mex, S.A. de C.V. | n.a. | Recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccine | Intranasal prime-i.m. boost |
Two doses | Phase I | NCT04871737 |
| UK | Codagenix | COVI-VAC | Live-attenuated virus | Intranasal | Single or two doses | Phase I (randomized) | NCT04619628 |
| UK | University of Oxford | ChAdOx1 nCov-19 | Chimpanzee adenovirus expressing Spike RBD | Intranasal | Single dose | Phase I | NCT04816019 |
| USA | CyanVac LLC | CVXGA1-001 | Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-vectored expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike | Intranasal | Single dose | Phase I | NCT04954287 |
| USA | Meissa Vaccines, Inc | MV-014-212 | Live attenuated vaccine against RSV expressing Spike of SARS-CoV-2. | Intranasal | Single or two doses | Phase I | NCT04798001 |
| USA | Symvivo Corporation | bacTRL-Spike | Live Bifidobacterium longum, delivering plasmids encoding Spike | Oral | Single dose | Phase I | NCT04334980 |
| New Zealand–USA | Syneos Health–VaxForm LLC | CoV2-OGEN1 | n.a. | Oral suspension | Single dose | phase I | NCT04893512 |
| Hong Kong | University of Hong Kong | DelNS1-nCoV-RBD LAIV | Live attenuated influenza virus expressing Spike RBD | Intranasal | Single dose | Phase I |
NCT04809389 ChiCTR2000037782 |