Table 1.

Summary of redox-related factors and pathways in embryonic development.

Type	Name	Model	Functions	Experimental Protocols	References
Enzymatic/anti-oxidant enzyme	SODs	Human	The SOD activity in placenta protects embryos from lipid peroxidation.	Biochemical analysis	[77,78]
Enzymatic/anti-oxidant enzyme	MnSOD	Mouse Drosophila	Maintains cardiac function and neonatal survival. Prevents abnormal brain morphology and axonal aberrations during neurodevelopment.	Mouse: biochemical analysis. Drosophila: lifespan analysis, brain/neuron morphology	[73,79]
Enzymatic/anti-oxidant enzyme	GPx4	Mouse	Male reproduction and early embryonic development. Initiates gastrulation and develops embryonic cavities	siRNA knockdown. Molecular biology/morphology analysis.	[13,16,80]
Enzymatic/anti-oxidant enzyme	Prx	Human Cow Drosophila C. elegans	Stimulates blastocyst development and increases embryonic mitochondrial activity. Support embryogenesis.	Molecular biology/biochemical/life span analysis.	[31,81,82,83,84]
Enzymatic/anti-oxidant enzyme	Trx/TrxR	Mouse	Support embryonic viability and embryogenesis.	Knockout mice. Molecular biology/morphology analysis.	[10,11,12,13]
Enzymatic/pro-oxidant enzyme	NOX	Mouse	Promotes cardiac differentiation, cardiomyogenesis, and neonatal cardiac cell growth.	shRNA/siRNA knockdown. Biochemical/molecular biology/morphology analysis.	[66,85]
Non-enzymatic/transcription factor	Nrf2	Human Mouse	Enhances oxidative stress resistance. Controls self-renewal and pluripotency of ES cells. Supports embryo cleavage and blastocyst formation. Maintains stemness and survival under oxidative stress.	siRNA knockdown and CRISPR-mediated ectopic gene expression	[86,87,88,89]
Non-enzymatic/transcription factor	NF-κB	Mouse	Embryonic and liver parenchymal cell survival	Knockout mice coupled with histological/molecular biology analysis.	[90]
Non-enzymatic/transcription factor	AP-1	Mouse	Embryonic survival, liver erythropoiesis, hepatogenesis, development of the placenta and yolk sac, chondrocytes and extraembryonic tissues	Knockout mice coupled with biochemical/molecular biology/morphology analyses.	[91,92,93,94,95]
Non-enzymatic/transcription factor	HIF-1	Human mouse	Modulates vascular development (VEGF) in hypoxia. Trophoblast proliferation and differentiation, morphogenesis of the developing heart, chondrogenesis and myocardial development.	Knockout mice. Molecular biology/morphology analysis.	[96,97,98,99]
Non-enzymatic/transcription factor	Pitx2, Pitx3	Mouse	Anti-oxidant defense in fetal myogenesis	Knockout/knockdown and ectopic gene expression. Metabolomics/molecular biology analysis.	[100]
Non-enzymatic/post-transcriptional control	Pitx-miRNA (mir-15b, mir -23b, mir-106b and mir-503) pathway	Mouse	Modulates cell proliferation and cell fate of skeletal-muscle stem cells (satellite cells)	Knockout/knockdown and ectopic gene expression. Bioinformatics/molecular biology analysis.	[101]
Non-enzymatic/post-transcriptional control	Grsf-1	Mouse	Modulates brain development by recruiting GPx4 mRNA to translationally active polysome fractions by targeting 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of GPx4 mRNAs.	Bioinformatics/biochemical analysis	[102]
Signaling pathway	Wnt signaling (Nrx and Dvl)	Human C. aethiops Mouse Xenopus	Senses ROS levels to activate or inactivate Wnt signaling for directing embryo gastrulation.	siRNA knockdown and microinjection-mediated ectopic gene expression research. Biochemical/molecular biology/morphology analysis.	[103,104,105]
Signaling pathway	PPP pathway (including G6PD)	Mouse Zebrafish C. elegans	Maintains redox homeostasis during embryogenesis. Mediates abnormal lung development in hyperoxia in the neonatal mice.	Knockout/siRNA or morpholino knockdown. Metabolomics/biochemical/molecular biology/morphology analysis.	[23,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,46,47,48]