Supplementary Table S1.

Nonrandomized studies appraised with the ROBINS-I tool

	Before intervention		At intervention	After intervention	Missing data	Measurement of outcomes	Selection of reported results
	Confounding	Selection of participants	Classification of interventions	Deviation from intended intervention
Berte et al., 2019	3 to 4	1 to 2	1	2 to 3	1	1 to 2	1 to 2
Bunch et al., 2020	3 to 4	3 to 4	3 to 4	3 to 4	1	2 to 3	1 to 2
Castrejón Castrejónet al., 2020	3 to 4	4	4	3 to 4	1 to 2	2 to 3	3 to 4
Dhillon et al., 2019	0	3 to 4	3 to 4	3 to 4	1 to 2	1 to 2	3 to 4
Ejima et al., 2020	1 to 2	3 to 4	3 to 4	1 to 2	1 to 2	1 to 2	1 to 2
Kaneshiro et al., 2020	3 to 4	1 to 2	1 to 2	1 to 2	1 to 2	2 to 3	2 to 3
Kottmaier et al., 2020	2 to 3	1 to 2	1 to 2	3 to 4	4	3 to 4	3 to 4
Kumagai et al., 2020	3 to 4	3 to 4	3 to 4	3 to 4	1 to 2	3 to 4	2 to 3
Matiello et al., 2008	1 to 2	3 to 4	3 to 4	3 to 4	2 to 3	2 to 3	2 to 3
Nilsson et al., 2006	2 to 3	2 to 3	2 to 3	2 to 3	1 to 2	1 to 2	2 to 3
Pambrun et al., 2019	0	1 to 2	1 to 2	3 to 4	1 to 2	4	4
Yavin et al., 2020	3 to 4	3 to 4	3 to 4	3 to 4	1 to 2	3 to 4	3 to 4
Yazaki et al., 2020	2 to 3	1 to 2	1 to 2	3 to 4	1 to 2	2 to 3	2 to 3

ROBINS-I - Risk of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions.