Table 1.

Use of Lactobacillus as probiotics for various diseases.

Classification of Diseases	Disease or Pathogen	Subject	Probiotics	Outcomes	Ref.
Gastrointestinal diseases	C. difficile	Human	L. paracasei F19	Reduced the population of C. difficile, which can cause diarrhea and enteritis.	[32]
	Acute watery diarrhea	Human	L. rhamnosus GG	Effective in reducing the frequency and duration of diarrhea in patients with different concentrations of the bacterium (1010 and 1012).	[33]
	Ulcerative colitis	Human	L. rhamnosus GG	Effective and safe for maintaining remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.	[34]
	Functional bowel disorders	Human	L. acidophilus NCFM (combined with another bacterium)	Improved symptoms of bloating.	[35]
	Colitis	Mouse	L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. plantarum (combined with other bacteria)	Improved dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis.	[36]
Allergy	Allergic sensitization	Mouse	VSL#3	Reduced systemic and local anaphylactic symptoms by oral challenge with the sensitizing allergen Shrimp Tropomyosin.	[37]
	Atopic dermatitis	Human	L. salivarius LS01	Improved in scoring atopic dermatitis and itch values from baseline.	[38]
	Perennial allergic rhinitis	Human	L. acidophilus L-92	Alleviated the symptoms.	[39]
	Allergic rhinitis	Human	L. paracasei KW3110	Reduction of nasal symptoms and the serum level of eosinophil cationic protein and improvement of quality-of-life scores when pollen scattering was low.	[13]
	Food allergy (peanut)	Mouse	L. salivarius HMI001, L. casei Shirota	Partial protection in a mouse peanut allergy model.	[40]
Respiratory diseases	Gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections	Human	L. rhamnosus GG	Reduced risk of upper respiratory tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and number of days with respiratory symptoms.	[11]
	Diarrhea and respiratory tract infection	Human	L. reuteri DSM 17938	Reduced the frequency and duration of diarrhea and respiratory infections, and consequently reduced costs for the community.	[41]
	Pneumococcal respiratory infection	Mouse	L. casei CRL 431	Accelerated the recovery of the innate immune system.	[42]
	Chronic asthma	Mouse	L. rhamnosus NutRes1	Reduced lung resistance in a mouse model of chronic asthma to a similar extent to budesonide treatment.	[43]
	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Mouse	L. rhamnosus	Regulates pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines balance in human bronchial epithelial cells and alleviates pulmonary inflammatory responses.	[44]
Neurological and psychiatric diseases	Neurological and psychiatric diseases	Mouse	L. rhamnosus JB-1	Reduced stress-induced corticosterone and anxiety- and depression-related behaviors.	[45]
	Neurological and psychiatric diseases	Human/Rat	L. helveticus R0052 (combined with another bacterium)	Anxiolytic-like activity in rats, beneficial psychological effects in healthy humans.	[46]
	Neurological and psychiatric diseases	Mouse	L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. reuteri (combined with other bacteria) (IRT5)	Suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.	[47]
	Autoimmune myasthenia gravis	Rat	IRT5	Prevented the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis.	[48]
	Autism spectrum disorder	Human	L. acidophilus Rosell-11	Reduced D-arabinitol level and D-/L-arabinitol ratio in urine and improved concentration and carrying out orders.	[49]
Genito-Urinary tract infections	Bacterial vaginosis	Mouse	L. johnsonii HY7042	Inhibited myeloperoxidase activity in vaginal tissue and reduced viable numbers of Gardnerella vaginalis.	[12]
	Bacterial vaginosis	Human	L. rhamnosus BMX 54	Reduced recurrence rate and reduced pH.	[50]
	Urinary tract infections	Human	L. crispatus CTV-05	Reduced recurrence.	[51]
Metabolic syndrome	Type 1 diabetes	Rat	L johnsonii N6.2	Mitigated the development of type 1 diabetes.	[52]
	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Human	L. reuteri ADR-1, L. reuteri ADR-3	Beneficial effect on patients.	[53]
	Obesity	Mouse	L. gasseri BNR17	Decreased leptin and insulin levels in serum and showed anti-obesity effects.	[54]
	Cardiovascular disease	Rat	L. plantarum DMDL 9010	Decreased serum and total liver cholesterol and triglyceride and enhanced fecal excretion of bile acids.	[55]
Oral diseases	Gingivitis	Human	L. reuteri ATCC 55730, L. reuteri ATCC PTA 5289	Decreased bleeding on probing and gingival crevicular fluid during chewing gums containing probiotics.	[56]
	Periodontitis	Human	L. reuteri DSM 17938, L. reuteri ATCC PTA 5289	Improved clinical parameters and reduced abundance of pathogenic bacterium.	[57]
	Dental caries	Human	L. rhamnosus GG	Reduced the risk of caries and lowered mutans Streptococcus counts.	[58]
	Halitosis	Human	L. salivarius WB21	Decreased an organoleptic test and BOP.	[59]
	Oral candidiasis	In vitro	L. fermentum 20.4, L. paracasei 28.4, L. rhamnosus 5.2	Inhibited biofilms of Candida albicans.	[60]
Autoimmune diseases	Rheumatoid arthritis	Rat	L. casei	Suppressed collagen-induced arthritis and reduced destruction of cartilage tissue, paw swelling, and lymphocyte infiltration.	[61]
	Systemic lupus erythematosus	Mouse	L. fermentum CECT5716	Reduced activity of lupus disease.	[62]
	Inflammatory bowel disease	Mouse	L. paracasei 1602, L. reuteri 6798	Reduced intestinal inflammation Helicobacter hepaticus-challenged IL-10-deficient mice.	[63]
Others	Osteoporosis	Mouse	L. acidophilus ATCC 4356	Increased bones’ mineral density and heterogeneity and enhanced trabecular and cortical bone microstructure.	[64]
	Tumor cells	In vitro	L. plantarum 70810	Inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells.	[65]
	Vaccine adjuvant	Human	L. rhamnosus GG	Had a protective titer 28-day-after vaccination.	[66]