Table 1.
Examples of plant pathogens and their biocontrol strategies.
| Pathogen | Host | Biocontrol Strategies | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phytophthora sojae, Pythium heterothallic, Pythium irregulare, Pythium sylvaticum, and Pythium ultimum | Glycine max | Pseudomonas water derived strain, 06C 126, effectively inhibited oomycetes | [22] |
| Soilborne fungal pathogens | Pulses, grapes, cotton, onion, carrot, peas, plums, maize, apple, etc. | The fungal genus Trichoderma has biocontrol activity against fungi and nematodes | [23] |
| Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Shigella sp., Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa along with bacteria like Yersinia pestis, Burkholderia mallei, Francisella tularensis, Brucella sp. and Bacillus anthracis that pose a bioterrorism risk | Bacteriophage and natural extracts | [24] | |
| Phytopathogenic microorganisms in agriculture or even in other areas | Endophytic Bacillus toyonensis BAC3151 | [25] | |
| Phytopathogenic fungi | Trichoderma spp. potential biocontrol agents | [26] | |
| Phytophthora spp. and Pythium spp. | Aquaponics | Antagonistic microorganisms | [27] |
| Soil-borne pathogens | Pathogen-suppressing microorganisms | [28] | |
| Broad range of plant pathogens | Antibiotics, lipopeptides, and enzymes with antagonistic properties against a range of plant pathogens are produced by Bacillus species. These bacteria also influence resistance development in plants and stimulate plant growth | [29] | |
| Ralstonia solanacearum, R. pseudo solanacearum, and R. syzygii subsp. indonesiensis causative agents of bacterial wilt | Hosts include tomato, potato, banana, tobacco, and peanuts. Losses range from 100% in banana, 90% in potato and tomato and around 20–30% in peanuts and tobacco |
Bacteriophage-based bacterial wilt biocontrol methods | [30] |
| Fungal and bacterial phytopathogens | Many crops | Streptomyces spp. as Endophytes mediated biocontrol of phytopathogens | [31] |
| Pathogens in the crop residues | Cereal crops | Microbiome-based biocontrol strategies | [32] |
| Fungal pathogens | Cereal crops | Streptomyces species produce a range of secondary metabolites that can inhibit the growth of phytopathogens | [33] |
| Plant fungal pathogen | Improved control obtained with by combinations of fungicides and BCAs (Trichoderma spp. or Bacillus spp.,) | [34] | |
| Diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, nematodes, and oomycetes | Citrus sp. | Employment of antagonists produced by Bacillus sp. offers superior capacity to restrict diseases in citrus plants | [35] |
| Rhizoctonia solani that induces stem canker, Fusarium solani causes tubers dry rot, and black scurf and Alternaria solani that induces early blight | Potato | Endophytic bacteria from Romanian potato tubers isolate 6T4 identified as B. atrophaeus/subtilis revealed promising perspectives for biocontrol strategies | [36] |
| Fusarium oxysporum and other phytopathogens | Wheat |
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum XH-9 is a rhizobacterium with antagonistic potential against a variety of phytopathogens. It discharges antibiotics and enzymes that are capable of bringing about hydrolysis in the pathogen |
[37] |
| Verticillium dahliae soil borne pathogen | Cotton | Endophytic Fungus Fusarium solani CEF559 against Verticillium dahliae in Cotton Plant | [38] |
| Fungal Pathogens | Trichoderma is a fungal genera having antagonistic activity against disease causing fungal pathogens | [39] | |
| Fusarium head blight (FHB) | Wheat | Endophytic Anthracocystis floculossa P1P1, Penicillium olsonii ML37, Sarocladium strictum C113L, and A. floculossa F63P exhibit the ability to act as biocontrol agents against FHB | [40] |
| Fungi Ustilaginoidea virens, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Fulvia fulva, and Fusarium graminearum | Tomato | Antifungal metabolites of Bacillus velezensis NKG-2 | [41] |
| Bacterial phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato | Tomato | Pseudomonas segetis strain P6 isolated from the rhizosphere has the ability to induce plant growth and inhibit quorum sensing abilities of bacterial pathogens | [42] |
| Pepper gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea | Pepper | Can be controlled efficiently by the biocontrol mediator Bacillus velezensis | [43] |
| Seed and soil borne pathogens | Chaetomium globosum functions as an effective potential biocontrol agent | [44] | |
| Fungal Pathogen | Endophyte and epiphyte microbiome of Grapevine leaf as biocontrol agents against phytopathogen | [45] | |
| Fungal pathogen | Vitis vinifera | Bacillus licheniformis GL174 culturable endophytic strain isolated from Vitis vinifera cultivar Glera | [46] |
| Species of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens, such as Cladosporium variabile, Rhizoctonia fragariae, Phomopsis longicolla, Colletotrichum acutatum, Aspergillus niger, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Penicillium digitatum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Trichoderma viride and Botrytis squamosa | Natural wine yeast strains of Saccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces | [47] | |
| Endophytic fungal parasite of Moniliophthora perniciosa causing Witches’ Broom Disease | Cacao | Yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Wickerhamomyces anomalus | [48] |
| Cryphonectria parasitica causing chestnut blight epidemic | Chestnut | Mycoviruses | [49] |
| Closteroviridae family of plant viruses causing leafroll disease | Grapevine | Case based management, such as use of certified planting material, open field foundation block vineyards on virgin soil etc. | [50] |
| Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus, Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus and Beet pseudo-yellows virus | Vegetable crops | Integrated disease management strategies and using resistant varieties | [51] |
| Pythium ultimum | Chilly, Tomato, Redgram, Chickpea, Soybean, etc. | Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, T. virens and Laetisaria arvalis | [52] |
| Wilt diseases | Trichoderma spp. | [53] |