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VLP-based vaccine: mechanism of action against tumor cells. VLPs are phagocytized and processed by DCs to present the tumor antigen on MHC-I and MHC-II for recognition by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells differentiate into TH2 and TH1 cells that are involved in inflammatory response and in sustaining the activity of CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T cells), respectively. CD8+ T cells exert cytotoxic activity on tumor cells.
