Table 1.
Commercialized antiviral compounds.
| Therapeutic Class | Mechanism | Type | Target Viruses | Antivirals | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell entry inhibitors | Fusion inhibitors | Polyanions, nonspecific inhibitors | Enveloped viruses: HIV, HSV, CMV, RSV | Polyanions in development: cosalane derivatives, polyoxometalates, polycarboxylates polysulfates, polysulfonates, negatively charged albumins, sulphated polysaccharides | [56] |
| Receptor and co-receptor antagonist analogues | HIV-1 | Maraviroc | [52,54] | ||
| Fusion and penetration inhibitors | Fusion inhibitor | HIV-1 | Enfuvirtide | [53,55] | |
| Uncoating inhibitor | Influenza A | Amantadine, rimantadine | [57] | ||
| Replication inhibitors | Nucleosides analogue inhibitors (activation by triphosphorylation) with competitive inhibition | Viral DNA polymerase inhibitors | Herpes viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV, EBV, HHV-6, HBV) | Foscarnet, acyclovir, famciclovir, brivudine, valganciclovir, penciclovir, ganciclovir, entecavir, telbuvine | [40,58,59] |
| Reverse transcriptase inhibitors | HIV | NRTIs: zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, abacavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine | [60,61] | ||
| Non-nucleoside inhibitors | NNRTIs: efavirenz, nevirapine, delavirdine, etravirine | [62,63,64] | |||
| Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (activation by diphosphorylation) | Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANP) | Herpes viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV, HHV-6, EBV, HBV), HIV-1, HIV-2 | Cidofovir, adefovir, tenofovir | [70] | |
| Assembly, maturation, and release inhibitors | Packaging inhibitor | Viral terminase enzyme complex inhibitors | CMV | Letermovir | [65] |
| Maturation inhibitor | Viral protease inhibitors (polyprotein precursors cleavage) | HIV-1, HIV-2 | Amprenavir, fosamprenavir, atazanavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, darunavir, tipranavir, atazanavir | [66,67] | |
| Release inhibitors | Viral neuraminidase inhibitors | Influenza A and B |
Zanamivir, oseltamivir, pramivir | [68,69] |
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; CMV: cytomegalovirus; VZV: varicella-zoster virus; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; EBV: Epstein—Barr virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus.