Table 3.
Studies investigating the antiviral activity of polysaccharides, 2020–2021.
| Source | Type of Extract | Virus Involved | Object of Study | Antiviral Activity | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
S. ilicifolium (seaweed) |
Water extraction | Betanodavirus | Fishes | Cytopathic effect reduction assay | Significant antiviral activity. | [144] |
| Salvia plebeia R. Br. | Alcohol precipitation | Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | mice | In vitro and in vivo antiviral | Fractions (Mw ≥ 10,000 Da) inhibit the RSV proliferation and reduce the lung lesions induced by RSV. | [145] |
| Red algae | Water extraction | Influenza viruses SARS-CoV-2 |
Madin–Darby canine kidney cells, African green monkey kidney cells, human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 T cells, mice. | In vitro and in vivo antiviral | λ-carrageenan reduced expression of viral proteins in cell lysates and suppressed progeny virus production. A dose-dependent effect was reported. | [142] |
| Asarum polysaccharides | Water extraction and alcohol precipitation | H1N1 influenza virus | Cell real-time monitoring system and Reed-Muench mice model | In vitro and in vivo antiviral | Good anti-influenza virus activity. | [146] |
| Isatidis radix | Ethanol extraction | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | HepG2.2.15 cell | In vitro antiviral | No toxicity at <400 μg/mL. Doses of 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL significantly reduced extracellular and intracellular levels of HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBV DNA in HepG2.2.15 cells. | [147] |
| Pleurotus pulmonarius | Water and ethanol extraction | Influenza virus A California/07/09 (H1N1pdm) | The neutral red adsorption test was used in the study | In vitro antiviral | The ethanol extracts exhibit a more potent antiviral effect than that of water extracts. Weak toxicity was reported. |
[148] |