Table 4.
Polysaccharide derivatives reported to have antiviral activities.
| Modifications | Polysaccharides | Antiviral Effects | Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfatation | Dextran sulfate | Anti-ZIKV, IAV *, enveloped viruses | Inhibition of adsorption and replication | [153,154,155] |
| 3-O-Sulfated heparin | Anti-HSV-1 | Inhibition of adsorption | [156] | |
| MI-S, FR-S | Anti HSV-1 *, HSV-2 * | Inhibition of adsorption | [157,158] | |
| sAAPs, sTPS | Anti-NDV | - | [159,160] | |
| SPLCf | Anti HSV, PV-1 | Inhibition of adsorption and transcription | [161] | |
| sCVPS | Anti-NDV * | - | [162] | |
| S1F1, S2F1 | Anti HSV-1, HSV-2 | - | [163] | |
| NCMCS | Anti-HIV-1, RLV | Inhibition of virus adsorption | [164] | |
| κ-carrageenan | Anti-IAV *, HIV | Inhibition of replication | [165] | |
| Phosphorylation | pRCPS, pCIPS | Anti-DHAV | Inhibition of replication | [166,167] |
| pRCPS | Anti-CPV | - | [168] | |
| Complexes | Chitosan–chondroitin sulfate | Anti-HIV | Inhibition of replication | [169] |
| Enzymatic modification | Chitooligosaccharides | Anti-HIV-1 | Inhibition of adsorption | [170] |
| Acylation + sulfation | O-acylated carrageenans | Anti-HIV | - | [171] |
| Aminoderivatized | Aminoethyl-chitosan | Anti-HIV-1 | - | [172] |
* Inhibitory effect observed in vivo. Sulfated Auricularia auricula polysaccharides (sAAPs), sulfated Tremella polysaccharides (sTPS), sulfated polysaccharide of Caesalpinia ferrea (SPLCf), sulfated Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharide (sCVPS), N-carboxymethylchitosan-N-O-sulfate (NCMCS), phosphorylated Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (pCPPS), phosphorylated Chrysanthemum indicum polysaccharide (pCIPS), and phosphorylated Radix Cyathulae officinalis Kuan polysaccharides (pRCPS).