Figure 1.

Schematic overview of cell membrane-cloaked nanotherapeutics for targeted drug delivery. (Left) plasma cell membranes, cell organelle membranes, bacterial membranes are often used as a coating material for nanoparticles to mimic physicochemical properties of source cells, for example, multicomponent, cell-specific interaction, and targeting ability. Recent advances in cell membrane engineering (e.g., hybridization, lipid anchoring, and genetic modification) allow cell membrane-based nanotherapeutics to achieve even more diverse and improved targeting effects along with prolonged circulation and immune escape. (Right) various nanoparticles including polymeric, mesoporous, drug cluster, gold, magnetic, and metal-organic framework are used as a core for cell membrane-based nanotherapeutics. Multifunctional nanoparticle-based drug delivery platforms allow stimuli-responsive drug release, imaging, diagnosis, and combination therapy in biomedical field. Figure created with BioRender.