Table 1.

Unique features of natural cell membranes.

Cell Type		Features
Plasma membrane	RBC	Immunosuppressive effect, long-term blood circulation, and neutralization of toxins
	Platelet	Specific binding affinity to injured vasculature, pathogen adhesion, reduced cellular uptake by macrophages, and prolonged blood retention time
	Macrophage	Inflammation site-specific accumulation, neutralization of inflammatory cytokines, antigen-homing affinity
	Cancer	Homotypic targeting, and low intrinsic immunogenicity
Cell organelle membrane	Mitochondria	Selectively binding to mitochondrial membrane ligands, and neutralization of toxins
	Nucleus	Improved transfection efficiency in gene therapy